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PSYCHOPATHOLOGY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - no symptom of distress
      - rational and accurate self-preception
      - self - actualisation
      - ability to cope with stress
      - realistic view of the world
      - good self esteem and lack guilt
      - independent of other people
      - success work, lov aadn enjoy our lesiure
- - - - verbal or physical aggression
      - struggle to relax
      - lower levels of energy, sleep and eating patterns
    - - lowered mood
      - anger
      - decline in self-esteem
    - - poor levels of concentration
      - pay more attention to negative aspects
      - recall unhappy events rather than happy ones
      - negative schema
  - - - selective attention to the negative aspects of the situations
    - - these affect how we interpret any new information relevant to us
    - - world, self, future
  - - - a negative life event
    - - Irrational interpretations of A makes us over - react to the life event
    - - emotional and behavioural outcome is depression
  - - - a psychological therapy that combines behavioural and cognitive approaches
      - challenges the negative triad
      - homework tasks
        
        record positive experiences to use in therapy to demonstrate reality
        
        use a diary to help tackle negative thoughts in therapy
      - identification
        
        recognition of thoughts to determine baseline to monitor improvement
        
        'thought catching'
      - reinforcement of rational thoughts
      - cognitive restructuring
        
        irrational thoughts are then replaced by more rational thoughts
      - hypothesis testing - patient as 'scientist'
    - - challenges negative beliefs, ABC model
      - extends the ABC model to ABCDE
        
        D = disputing of irrational beliefs
        
        E = effect produce
      - empirical disputing
        
        disputing whether there is actual evidence to support their negative belief
- - - - panic, avoidance or endurance of the phobic stimulus
    - - fear and anxiety
    - - selective attention towards the phobic, irrational beliefs about it and cognitive distortion of it
      - hypervigialance
  - - - Mowrer's idea that phobias are learned through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning
    - - acquisition of phobia: neutral stimulus becomes phobic object after association with an unconditioned stimulus that produces a fear response
    - - maintain phobias: negative reinforcement because avoidance reduces anxiety
  - - - systematic desensitisation
        
        anxiety hierarchy
        
        high and low anxiety situations involving the phobic stimulus
        
        relaxation
        
        patient taught relaxation techniques or introduced to anti-anxiety drugs
        
        gradual exposure
        
        patient works up the anxiety hierarchy, maintaining relaxation at each level
        
        counterconditioning
        
        the phobic stimulus is paired with a relaxing stimulus until it triggers relaxation not anxiety
      - flooding
        
        immediate exposure to the phobic stimulus without the opportunity to avoid the phobic object
        
        small number of long sessions sometimes just one
        
        a traumatic experience so the patient needs to be well prepared
        
        extinction
        
        the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus until it no longer triggers a negative response
        
        reciprocal inhibition
        
        two conflicting emotions cannot happen at the same time
- - - - compulsive behaviours: repetitive, compulsions reduce anxiety
      - avoidance - keeping away from situations
    - - anxiety accompanied by depression and guilt
    - - recurrent obsessive thoughts accompanied by rituals to cope with the obsession
  - - - genetic vulnerability
        
        some people appears to be predisposed to develop OCD as a result of their genetic make-up
      - candidate genes
        
        specific genes are likely to be involved in vulnerability
      - polygenic
        
        may be 230 genetic variations involved in OCD
      - different types
        
        different genetic bases
    - - abnormal functioning of neurotransmitters and the brain structure
      - abnormal transmission of mood relevant information
      - lateral frontal lobes impaired - responsible for logic thinking and decision making
      - parahippocampal gyrus may be impaired - proccessing of unpleasant emotions
  - - - affect levels of neurotransmitters including serotonin
    - - increase levels of serotonin at the synapse by preventing reuptake
    - - SSRIs combined with psychological therapies like CBT and other drugs