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Organic chemistry - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Formation of dimer
    - - Hydrogen bonding with water
        acid dissociation takes place
  - - - Most reactive as C-Cl easier to break
      - Highly electron deficient due to electron withdrawing O and Cl
      - Undergoes nucleophilic acyl substitution
    - - Relatively high BP
- - - - More important reason
        
        Alkyl side chain donates electron to electron deficient C
        Aldehyde has one lesser alkyl side chain compared to ketone
        
        C has reduced δ+ but lesser than Ketone
      - Less important reason
        
        Less steric hindrance
  - - - More important reason
        
        Alkyl side chain donates electron to electron deficient C
        
        C has reduced δ+
      - Less important reason
        
        More steric hindrance
  - - - Hydrolysed to carboxylic acid
      - Reduced to primary amine
- - - - <12 C atoLiquid at room temp
    - - Lower aryl liquid at room temp
    - - Physical
        
        Boiling point
        
        Lower surface area lower BP
        More branching lower BP
        
        More electrons-->Stronger ID-ID
        BP increases with increasing carbon number
        
        Intermolecular hydrogen bond
        Higher BP than alkane with similar electron number
        
        Solubility
        
        C and H electronegativity similar
        C-H bond effectively unpolar
        Cannot form PD-PD and therefore no hydrogen bonding
        Long carbon chain not soluble in water
      - Chemical
        
        Amphoteric
        
        O-H bond fission
        
        Forms H+ and anion
        Acts as acid
        
        C-O bond fission
        
        Forms OH- and cation
        Acts as base
  - - - Polyhydric
        
        2 OH(-diol)
      - Monohydric
        
        1 OH(-ol)
    - - Secondary
        
        2 R group
      - Tertiary
        
        3 R group
      - Primary
        
        1 R group
- - - - Solubility
        
        Primary Secondary more soluble
        (Hydrogen bond)
        
        Tertiary less soluble
        (PD-PD)
        
        Bulky non-polar alkyl/aryl group hinder formation of hydrogen bonds. ID-ID became predominant solvent-solute interaction
        Phenylamines insoluble in water
        
        Aliphatic amine generally soluble
        
        Solubility decreases with increasing C
      - Melting/Boiling point
        
        N-H less polar than O-H, weaker intermolecular hydrogen bonding
        Lower BP than alcohol of similar molecular mass
        
        Number of electron increases, strength of ID-ID increases
        Volatility decreases as number of carbon increases
        
        Primary secondary can form hydrogen bond
        Higher BP than non-polar
        
        Tertiary amine lack electron rich H, only PD-PD
    - - Lewis base
        
        Availability of lone pair of elctron
        
        Stability of conjugate acid ion
        
        ethyl EDG increase electron density of N
        lone pair more available
        conjugate acid ion more stable
        Ethylamine more basic than ammonia
      - Nucleophile
  - - - Contains O=C-N structure
    - - Carbon bonded to H,NH2 and COOH
    - - NH3 with H replaced by aryl
    - - Carbon bonded to NO2
    - - NH3 with H replaced by alkyl
    - - Contains C≡N
- - - - Rate dependent on [Halogenoalkane]
      - Racemic mixture
      - Two step mechanism
      - Preferred by primary halogenoalkane
        
        Carbocation formed is stable
        
        High steric hindrance
    - - Rate dependent on both [Nucleophile] and [Halogenoalkane]
      - Preferred by primary halogenoalkane
        
        Carbocation formed in SN1 would be unstable
        
        Less steric hindrance
      - Inverted configuration
      - One step with transition state