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Fundations of Planning - Coggle Diagram
Fundations of Planning
why do manager plan
reduce uncertainly
minimize waste and redundancy
privide direction
establish the goals or standards
types of plans
time frame
short term
less than one year
long term
five-years or more
specificity
directional
flexible and set out general guideline
specific
clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation
breadth
strategic
apply to the entire organization
operational
specify the details
frequency of use
single use
unique situation
standing
activities performed repeatedly
contingency factors in planning
degree of environmental uncertainly
length of future commitments
level in the organization
the foundation of planning
real objectives
traditional objective setting
set at the top and then broken down into subgoals for each level of an organization
stated objectives
management by objectives
jointly determined by subordinates and their superiors, progress toward objectives is periodically reviewed, and rewards are allocated on the basis of this progress
contemporary issues in planning
competitive intelligence
virtual reality
environment scanning