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Henry VII Consolidation of Power - Coggle Diagram
Henry VII Consolidation of Power
Dealing with Opposition
Perkin Warbeck:
attempted to rebel in 1491 by impersonating Richard, Duke of York but was unsuccessful
Had Margaret of Burgundy's support
attempted to land in England in 1495 failed as Henry knew about it beforehand
final attempts in 1496 and 1497 failed so he surrendered
Lovell and the Stafford's Rebellion [1486]:
Lovell was a supporter of Richard III and aimed to restore the yorkist monarcy
they lacked support and Henry already knew about the plans
Henry pardoned all rebels except Lovell and Stafford
Henry executed Stafford but Lovell escaped
The Earl of Warwick:
big threat to Henry as he had a stronger claim to the throne
was in prison from 1485-99
Henry accused him of plotting against the King and executed him in 1499
Simnel and the Battle of Stoke Field [1487]:
Simnel was manipulated by the Yorkists to pretend to be Earl of Warwick--> a stronger claim to the throne than Henry
Had international support from Margaret of Burgundy who aided an invasion into England by giving them mercenaries (paid soldiers)
Henry exhibited the real Earl of Warwick through the streets of London to prove Simnel was a pretender
Battle of Stoke Field:
Henry's army was led by the Earl of Oxford who had significant military expertise and experience
Earl of Lincoln and John de la Pole were killed
Earl of Lincoln had failed to gain more support in England which led to the failure
John de la Pole organised and supported
Finance
Legal dues:
Money from fines and others appearing in court. For example, William Stanley was made to pay £9000 and then £1000 every year thereafter.
Bonds and recognisances:
Payments as a reward for loyalty and good behaviour.
Loans and benevolences:
The King's right to ask for financial help in particular emergencies. For example, money raised for war with Brittainy which led to Yorkshire rebellion.
Feudal dues:
Traditional rights held by the crown to demand money. Income from wardship and marriages increased from £350 to £6000 per year
Clerical taxes:
Taxes the King could demand from the church.
Crown lands:
Henry inherited all lands held by noblemen and houses of York and Lancaster.
He used the Act of Resumption to do so in 1486.
Parliamentary taxes:
Grants of taxes by Parliament to fund royal policies
Initial actions to secure a legitimate claim
Having had her detained the previous year; in January 1486 Henry married Elizabeth of York. Henry was able to exploit royal propaganda the union of the two houses of Lancaster and York. For example, the Tudor rose combined the red rose of Lancaster with the white rose ofYork
September 1489, the birth of an heir to the throne, Prince Arthur
Acts of Attainder against Yorkists who fought at Bosworth ensured that their property was forfeited to the Crown which increased revenue
He arranged his coronation to take place on 30 October before the meeting of his first Parliament on 7 November,thereby ensuring that his right to rule was based on hereditary right and not only because Parliament had sanctioned
He arranged to detain Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, and the Earl of Warwick, Edward IV’s nephew, each of whom could be seen as having a much greater claim to the throne than Henry himself.
He dated his reign from the 21st August 1485, the day before the Battle of Bosworth, thereby ensuring that anyone who had fought on the Yorkist side could be considered a traitor
Propaganda
:
Progressions
Coins with the tudor rose
Stamps
The Nobility (Henry reduced land, wealth and support to gain control and strip nobles of too much power)
Attainders
:
Laws passed by Parliament allowing someone to be declared guilting of treason without trial.
Henry was also prepared to reverse attainders and restore lands and titles if the accused was to show loyalty and repentance. In order to reverse attainders, many had to pay the King to do so.
138 attainders were passed and 46 were reversed.
Henry passed a third of the attainders in 1504-09 (the last years of his reign), showing increased paranoia and insecurity.
Patronage:
the giving of positions of power; titles and land
patronage came as a result of (and not in the hope of ) good and loyal service. Furthermore, these rewards applied to the nobility and gentry alike.
First to be rewarded were those who had given Henry loyal support at and before the Battle of Bosworth.
Attacks on retaining:
Retaining was the practice by which a nobleman kept a large number of men as his personal staff to be enforcers.
They could be used to put pressure on tenants who were slow in paying rent or on juries to sway their employer's verdict.
Henry saw this as unlawful and passed laws in 1485 and 1504 to make it illegal to retain.
1504 Act stated that noblemen had to obtain a license from the King to retain men and were subject to fines if they did not do this.
Financial controls:
Henry placed a financial bond with himself and nobles so that loyalty and good behaviour correlated with finance.
Council Learned in Law to enforce this
Government
Central government:
The King's council advised him on matters. He met with them often.
Council Learned in the Law--> responsible for wardship, marriage of all King's tenants and collection of feudal dues.
Regional government:
Entrusted key men to govern regional councils and these men would follow his orders without question. E.g. Jasper Tudor, Thomas Howard, Councils of the North, Wales and Ireland.
Local government:
Sheriffs: the crown's representation in every county in England and manages parliamentary elections and detention of criminals/peacekeeping
Justice of Peace: arrested and imprisoned prisoners.
Parliament:
Usually summoned for meetings about Acts of Attainder.
Securing the succession abroad:
France:
France threatened to end the independence of Brittainy. As Henry went to Brittainy in exile so feels he has a duty to help so sends soldiers. --> Treaty of Redon 1489
France welcomed Warbeck and treated him like a royal prince (1492)
England invaded France and overpowered the French forces.
France offered terms quickly and surrounded --> Treaty of Etaples (promised to not give any support/aid to rebels and paid Henry an annual pension)
Spain
:
Alliance negotiated with Spain with the Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489.
--> It was agreed that Henry's heir, Prince Arthur, would marry Ferdinand and Isabella's youngest daughter, Catherine of Aragon.
The Tudor dynasty had been recognised as an equal by one of the leading royal families of Europe.
The his was of major importance to a usurper who was keen to secure international recognition of the legitimacy of his kingship.