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T23, 4.3. EXCLAMATIONS, BIBLIOGRAPHY, Main unit of complete meaning. The…
T23
2.THE SENTENCE
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Types of sentences
2.2.Regarding the semantic value of sentences, there are 4 classes of discourse functions associated.Statements: convey info Questions: seek info Directives: instruct/direct Exclamatives express impression, surprise...
2.3.Regard pragmatics. Searle: when a person performs a speech act, he want st to occur-Illuc-perluctution act- SEARLE distinguished 5 speech acts.
2.3. Syntactically. According to their form, there are 4 major syntactic classes which will be developed on next point
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
THOMSON,A &MARTINET,A.A Practical English Grammar. Longman. London 1984
QUIRK, R. GREENBAUM, S.A University Grammar of English. Longman. London 1973.
BIBER, D. LEECH,G. Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman. London 1999.
SANCHEZ BENEDITO, Fco. Gramática Inglesa. Longman. London 2007 M. Santos. Getafe.
Main unit of complete meaning. The highest unit of grammatical organization and consist of 1 independ clause or 2 or more related clauses. It starts with a capital letter & comes between full stops.
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complex sentence.
1 indep and 1 or more dependent clauses linked in a relationship of subordination. Nominal clauses, relative clauses and adverbial clauses.
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Extensive verbs
Transitive: monotransitive, ditransitive and complex trans TAKES AN OBJECT COMPLEMENT: I found him interesting / she called him sweetheart
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- 1 Declarative: used to make statements. Subject & verb are obligatory but the existence of objects, complements or adverbials depend on the main verb. The subject precedes the verb but:
1The verb comes first when the subj is given extra emphasis. Out rushed the thief.
2 with an object preceded by many or much- Many things have I to tell you.
3 In if clauses with. the operator Had I known that, I...
4 Ellipsis as in See you
- Position of objects usually indirect object precedes the direct object. With phrasal verbs an object pronoun appears between the verb and the adverb.
- Negation of the sentence. By placing not after the verb operator. No operator in present dont or doesnt. past did not or didnt. Alternative way of expressing - is with the use of words.
- meaning words initial position where there is a subject- operator inversion. Hardly did he listen to his mum
- Commissives- a speech act that commits the speaker to doing st in the future.Promise or a threat. 2. Declaratives- change the state of affairs in the world. trial, ceremony, ship launching... 3. Directives- getting the listening to do somt. such as suggestions, requsts, commands.. 4 Expressives- speaker expresses feelings and attitudes towards something. Apology, a complimet, congratulations... 5.Representatives- describes he satet of events in the world assertion, a claim, a report
1.SUBJECT. -concordation of the subject - Position of the subject - It is usually a noun phrase but can also be (a that clause,a wh- clause a non-finite cl or an empty it)- express several meaning. 1 Agentive-causes the action 2. Instrumental- the earthq destroyed the town. Eventive- The party is at 7, can be affected by an action John had an accident; may express TIME OR PLACE- my house is that one or Empty subject It is snowy where the it is merely grammatical
3.DIRECT** OBJECT** It is usually the affected participant. Usually follows the id. In passive sentences the obj assumes the subject function. It can be ( a noun phrase, a prep phrase, a wh clause or a non-finite clause) He asked me to help him
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5. COMPLEMENT follows the verbphrase and object if there is one. 2 kinds: Subject complement: connects with the subject He was a gentleman 2 Object complement describe the object I found him guilty, he likes his coffe warm
6. The ADVERBIAL. can be an adverb/ noun prep phrase and a non-fnite or adv clause. Can occur at the begginning or at the end of the sentence.
Regarding their form, sentences can be classified in Declaratives, Interrogatives and Exclamatives
4.2. INTERROGATIVES OR QUESTIONS. 1. YES/NO questions (verb inversion, be or have, modal verbs or do operator (have a risiging intonation) 2. Tag questions 3. Declarative questions/no inversion 4- Rhetorical question dont demand an answer, strong assertion. 5- Echo questions, for confirmations of for personal involvement. 6- WH Questions in formal prep. precedes the interrogative form 7-Alternative questions vary in intonation raising-falling intonat
4.4. Formulaic expressions do not fit in any of the classification above. Greetings, introductions, apologies, seasonal greetings...