Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
GRAMMAR, examples, BE AWARE OF :warning: - Coggle Diagram
GRAMMAR
ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS
modification
instead of using
An increase in inflation...
improved sentence by adding
adjective + noun
A
considerable/significant/fundamental/important
increase
(noun) in inflation...
verb + adverb
When inflation
increases
(verb)
considerably
...
When inflation increases...
adjective or adverb
adjective
rude,
straight
, angry, quiet, soft, perfect,
slow
, serious,
hard
,
late
friendly, lively
:warning: rules
adverb
loudly, carefully, badly, quickly, nerveously, clervely
:warning: rules
happy + "
ly
" :arrow_right: happily
:warning: not an absolute rule, look for the context ("Friendly dog."=adjective)
late, straight, slow, hard
meanings of adverbs
time
always, rarely, hardly, often
degree
really, enough, extremely
linking adverb
first, second, then, after, however, also
manner
calmly, lovingly, warmly, slowly
place
here, there, together
identifying an adjective
1 after the verb
to be
(The pillow
is
soft
.)
2 after an article and before a noun (
A
soft
pillow
.)
3 after intensifiers (An
extremely/very/rather
soft
pillow.)
4 forms
comparative
"
more
soft than..." (comparing two things)
superlative
"soft
er
..." (in the world)
The
soft
est
pillow in the world.
"the most"?
if it is followed by a big word (2 syllables or more)
5 before "
-ly
" to form adverbs :warning:
position of adverbs
start
Sometimes
, I go to the cinema.
in the middle
I
sometimes
go to the cinema.
usually for
frequency
adverbs
at the end
I go to the cinema
sometimes
.
modal/auxiliaries
:warning:
in between (before the main verb)
I am/can/have
always
going/go/gone to the cinema.
regular structure =
I
always
go to the cinema.
verb to be
:warning:
after :warning:
The cinema
is
always
open.
follow this rule whether it is frenquency, time or manner verbs :warning:
PREPOSITIONS
how they relate to nouns
Of
all
the gin joints
...
in
all
the towns
in
all
the world
she walks
into
mine
(my gin joint).
(precede) preposition :left_right_arrow: noun
:no_entry: particles (stood
up
)
prepositional phrases
complements are usually
noun phrase
-ing clause (gerund) or infinitive
:warning: if unsure, put a noun
consist of time
contribute to time
afraid of dark
:red_cross: not a verb
consist to los
ing
:arrow_right: not clear, because the verb "lose" is trasitive and requires an object :warning:
consist of losing :check:
afraid of losing
non-spatial preposition
co-occurence
verbs
to rely
on
, to consist
of
, to depend
on
, to prevent
from
, to congratulate
on
adjective
to be dependent
on
, to be free
from
, to be afraid
of
, to be grateful
for/to
, to be relevant
to
fixed phrases
in + noun + of
in case of
in charge of
in favor of
on + noun + of
on account of
on behalf of
on grounds of
in the + noun + of
in the course of
in the habit of
in the name of
on the + noun + of
on the basis of
on the strenght of
on the verge of
for more examples, see english notes from 09/04
collocations
to
accustome to, allied to, beneficial to, commit to, connected to, contribute to, detrimental to, equal to, familiar to someone, favourable to, immune to
from
absent from, independent from, different from/to, excluded from, indistinguishable from
with
acquainted with, allied with, annoyed with, beset with, bewildered with, bored with, burdened with, bursting with, charged with, combined with, faced with, familiar with something, fraught with
about
disappointed about (something), enthusiastic about
by
beset by, bewildered by, bored by, burdened by
on(upon)
conditional on, contigent on/upon, dependent on
of
aware of, capable of, devoid of
:warning: use combinations of prepositons you are 100% sure of
for
earmarked for, eligible for
in
inherent in, instrumental in
meaning
mainly
time (between 2 events)
space (between 2 or more entities)
each preposition such as to, at, away, from, on, off, in, out etc. can give a different meaning
at
can have a varied amount of meanings such as space, time point, state/area, manner, circumstance/cause
examples
soft
:check:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
:forbidden:
available
:check:
1, 2, 3, 4
:forbidden:
5 ( :red_cross:
availably
)
needed (normally past participle)
:check:
1, 2
:forbidden:
3 (:red_cross:
extremely needed
)
4 (:red_cross:
more needed
)
5 (:red_cross:
neededly
)
everyday (an everyday item)
:check:
2
:forbidden:
1 (:red_cross:
is everyday
)
3 (:red_cross:
extremely everyday
)
4 (:red_cross:
more everyday
)
5 (:red_cross:
everydayly
)
house (noun modifier "house keys")
:check:
2
:forbidden:
1 (:red_cross:
he is house keys
)
3 (:red_cross:
extremely house key
)
4 (:red_cross:
the housest
)
5 (:red_cross:
housely
)
your (passive adjective or possessive determiner)
:check:
:forbidden:
(is your :red_cross:) 1
(is your key :red_cross:) 2
(extremely your :red_cross:) 3
(yourer :red_cross:) 4
(yourly :red_cross:) 5
BE AWARE OF :warning:
nationalities
capitalized :warning:
"the Chinese Embassy", "the American Ambassador", "the European (people)"
titles
capitalized
President, Minister, Ambassador...