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Defense against infectious disease, Names: Matias Proaño, Joaquín Guerrero…
Defense against infectious disease
First line of defense
Skin and mucus membranes
First defense against patogens
Mucus is sticky and traps harmful particles or cells
Skin provides a tough and thick physical barrier
Blood clooting
Blood clotting consists of a cascading of chemical reacitons inside the injured vessel
Small cell fragments gather around the damaged site. These release clotting factors in the clotting factors.
Clotting factors result in the production the thrombin enzyme.
Thrombin then converts fibrinogen protein into fibrin polymers.
Fibrin is insoluble, so it forms a mesh in the site where the platelets are
Red blood cells and small particles which creates a gel that seals the wound
when the gel dries, a scab is formed until the new skin tissue forms.
Coronary Thrombosis
It is a blood clot that forms in the coronary artery
tissues in the heart wall do not receive enough oxygen
Causes
smoking
obesity
high choresterol
sedentary lifestyle
Inmume response
White blood cells (leucocytes)
Phagocytes
White blood cells that move through capillaries
They engulf and digest pathogens
Lymphocytes
They are WBC's that produce antibodies
This antibodies bind to the antigens to control the infection
Antigens
Antigens are created for the recognition of pathogens in the body
Antibiotics
Medical Concerns:
It is important to recognize that antibiotics only tagert prokaryotes. Therefore, they are useless against viruses. To attack viruses you will need to use antivirals. (Which prevent viruses DNA/RNA to replicate)
Through natural selection, bacterias can develop antibiotic resistance.
This allows bacteria to defend against antibiotics, becoming more prevalent.
Facts:
The first antibiotic discovered was penicilin. This discovering is credited to Alexander Fleming, after noticing that bacteria growth was affected by a fungal infection.
In 1940, Florey and Chain tested the effectiveness of penicilin. They tested penicilin in 4 out of 8 infected organisms. The 4 mice that recieved penicilin survived and the others died.
Functions:
They affect protein, DNA/RNA and cell wall synthesis. Antibiotics attack these functions only in prokaryotes.
Antibiotics are prescribed by doctors for treating an infection. They inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
D - HIV
Cases of HIV - AIDS
There are many cases of HIV - AIDS in the whole world.
There are over than 1.6 million cases of HIV - AIDS.
Definition:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a viruspathogen that infects and destroys helper T-cells, which are responsible of antibody production.
This virus decreases the ability to produce antibodies, leaving the host vulnerable to different diseases and infections.
Causes & Consequences:
HIV can be transmitted by:
Sexual Intercourse
Sharing Needles
Blood Transfusions
Mother to Fetus
Symptoms:
AIDS happens when HIV compromises the immune system.
This can result in pneumonia, esophagitis, tuberculosis, and even tumors.
Consequences:
When you are infected with HIV, the infection might last from 2-6 weeks.
The body tries to fight the virus by developing antibodies, called incubation period.
AIDS develop making a person vulnerable to diseases.
Anyone in this condition cannot live more than 4 years.
Names: Matias Proaño, Joaquín Guerrero and Martín Cevallos