Global Conflict
War affects the world
Legacy of the war
The war left millions dead and displaced. It crippled an entire generation and left scars that are still healing
The Allies Win the War
War Affects the Home Front
As the war continued the main combatants were looking beyond Europe for a way to end the war.
None of the formed alliances or new opened battlefronts did much to slow or end the grinding conflict
What new strategies led to the destruction of homes and villages?
The focus of the war had shifted to the seas. The Germans had intensified their submarine warfare
Russia Withdrawals
The use of mass artillery barrages contributed the most to the destruction of civilian buildings and structures
When the United States joined the Allies the war had been going for nearly three years.
Why did the Allies want to establish a supply line to Russia?
The Central Powers Collapse
Large barrages of massive artillery pieces which could be quite inaccurate led to houses being destroyed both deliberately and by accident
In the first three years Europe had lost more men in battle than in all the wars of the previous three centuries.
The allies wanted to use the Dardanelles strait to establish a supply line, this way they could provide Russia with supply. Russia was not a very industrialized country therefore, they could not replenish their supplies fast enough to continue battling well.
Why did the wartime governments take control of their countries' economies?
In March 1917, due in large part to war-related shortages of food and fuel, it forced Czar Nicholas to step down
The allies had implemented a strategy to attack a region in the Ottoman Empire known as the Dardanelles
conflict
In his place a provisional government was established. The new government pledged to continue fighting the war
To ensure that all resources would be dedicated to winning the war.
Why might westerners have become disillusioned after the war?
However, by 1917, nearly 5.5 million Russian soldiers had been wounded, killed, or taken prisoner.
Eight months after the new government took over, a revolution shook Russia
WW1 then became a Total war, this meant that countries devoted all their resources to the war effort.
the war upended the world and killed millions
The sea straight was the gateway to the Ottoman capital. By securing the Dardanelles the allies thought they could take the capital, defeat the Turks, and establish a supply line to Russia
In November 1917, Communist leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power.
especially in the west everyone either fought in the war or knew someone who did and someone who died
Lenin insisted on ending his country’s involvement in the war. One of his first acts was to offer Germany a truce.
Nationalism
Revolution
How did Total War lead to rationing?
many people who were ardent nationalists fought in the war and after seeing friends and loved ones die horrific deaths in front of their eyes grew apathetic or hateful towards the nation that had sent them to war
In March 1918, Germany and Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended the war between them.
It meant devoting essential goods to the war effort, leaving less for those at home, also so many goods were in short supply.
What effect did the Russian Revolution have on Russia’s role in World War I?
British, Australian, New Zealand, and French troops attempted repeated assaults on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
It practically ended the war because it stopped all conflict with Russia and Germany. But it helped Germany because it allowed them to move all of their forces to the Western Front to launch one final attack on France.
many also felt lied to by their country. The war was supposed to be glorious, quick, and full of epic acts of heroism. Instead it was a miserable desperate fight with thousands dying pointlessly each day in front of men they had served with for months to years
Turkish troops vigorously defended the region. My may the region turned into another stalemate
Governments used propaganda to keep up morale and support for the war.
Values and Beliefs
many young men also had their core beliefs shaken and torn apart in a war they now saw as a futile war against men who they had more in common with than their own leaders
In March 1918, the Germans mounted one final, massive attack on the Allies in France
Both sides then dug trenches where they would continue to fight for the rest of the year. In december the allies had given up the campaign and started to evacuate.
Because of total war governments turned to help from women, thousands of women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops. Women built tanks and munitions, plowed fields, paved streets, and ran hospitals. They also kept troops supplied with food, clothing, and weapons.
bullets are cheap but lives are expensive so artillery was used at almost every opportunity
Many of those who fought felt broken and lost after losing first their friends then their humanity in a war they saw as pointless. Only to return to civilian life to find out that they no longer belong in normal society after years in a trench surrounded by death and despair
As in the opening weeks of the war, the German forces crushed everything in their path
Soon, the Central Powers began to crumble. First the Bulgarians and then the Ottoman Turks surrendered
By late May 1918, the Germans had again reached the Marne River. Paris was less than 40 miles away. Victory seemed within reach.
In parts of Asia and Africa Germany's possessions were under assault. The Japanese overran German outposts in China
American nurse Shirley Millard describes her experience with a soldier who had lost both eyes and feet.
By this time, however, the German military had weakened. The effort to reach the Marne had exhausted men and supplies alike
Sensing this weakness, the Allies—with the aid of nearly 140,000 fresh U.S. troops—launched a counterattack
With the arrival of 2 million more American troops, the Allied forces began to advance steadily toward Germany.
The Japanese also captures some of Germany's pacific islands
evolution swept through Austria-Hungary. In Germany, soldiers mutinied, and the public turned on the kaiser.
On November 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down. Germany declared itself a republic
English and French troops had began attacking Germany's four African possessions. However, they inly took control of three
In Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, and France, the entire force of government was dedicated to winning the conflict.
On November 11, World War I came to an end.
British and French troops recruited subjects in other colonies in Africa and Asia to help aid in the struggle
Militarism
How did the surrender of the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the revolution in Austria-Hungary lead to the end of World War I?
Alliance
It lead to the end of WWI because this caused the Central powers to collapse and because Germany had no help they could no longer fight France and The USA.
Total War
The Germans declared a policy of attacking any ship in the waters around Britain
How did the Zimmerman Note draw America into the war?
The Zimmerman Note had been a plea from Germany to Mexico asking them to aid in the war and in return they would help reconquer land from America
Escalation
As the war continued countries had to keep escalating and improving to get ahead of their enemies
Consequence
The Germans had decided to continue with their policy to sink any ship in the British seas which caused the Americans to have even more reason to join in the War