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Politics examples - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Increasing power of the HoL
        
        In the 1980 the governemnt was defeated just 14.1 times on average per year by the House of Lords, in the 2010s this had increased to 26.8.
      - Domience of the Commons
        
        Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 enable the Commons to force through legislation.
        
        Blair did this three times.
        
        Changing the election system for European parliament elections (1999).
        
        Eqaulising the age of consent for gay and hetrosexual people (2000).
        
        Banning hunting with dogs (2004).
    - - Increasing power
        
        The BBBC.
        
        Rebellions have increased from 28% in NLs final term to 35% durring the coalition.
        
        Use of urgent questions has almost trippled (from 1,234 between the years of 2000-09, to 3457 between 2009-13).
    - - Less powerful
        
        Goverment accepts 40% of committee recomendations, but rarely takes genuine action.
      - More powerful
        
        Some argue that committee chairship is an alternative to the ministrial ladder and Margret Hodge says she has more power as a chair then she did when she was a minister.
  - - - Yes
        
        Turnout is 'lower order' elections (local elections PCC elections) is rarely above 1/3.
        
        Turnout in UK elections (in 2019 it was 67%) is lower then other European countries such as France and Germany (turnout in the 2022 French presidential system was 73% and turnout in the 2021 German parliament elections was 76%).
        
        Membership in minor parties such as the SNP and Green party has droped.
      - No
        
        Labour's party membership is recovering from the lowers of the naughties (190,000) to 432,000, however this is below what it was in the 80s.
        
        Memberships of pressure groups such as NGOs and enviromental groups have increased in recent years.
    - - Examples of pressure groups
        
        Just Stop Oil (external) are an enviromental group that use protest and civil disturbance to gain support for their policies.
        
        BMA (internal) although they are a trade union they work closely with the government to support their members. When need be they will go on strike.
        
        CBI (internal) works with businesses and govenrment to ensure that governemnt policies are 'pro business'.
      - Are pressure groups good for democracy
        
        Yes
        
        Just Stop Oil are mobalising people to participate in democracy.
        
        Pressure groups such as trade unions can support people's rights.
        
        Money and members deos not always equal victory and instead pressure groups must sway other groups.
        
        No
        
        Pressure groups have different levels of power depending on who they are, the CBI is more infleuntial then Just Stop Oil in policy making.
        
        Pressure groups like the RSPCA have the money to employ lots of staff (the RSPCA employs 1,600 people).
        
        Linked to who are in power, trade unions are more powerful when Labour are in charge.
    - - Are rights well protected
        
        Yes
        
        Human Rights Acts 1998
        
        Supreme Court
        
        ECHR
        
        Equlities Act
        
        No
        
        Parliament may go over a decleration of incompatability (between 2010 and 2015 this only happend once).
        
        Governemnt may ignore European Court of Human Rights ruling, as they did on the issue of prisoner voting.
  - - - Miller V PM (2019) -- this was the case brought against the UK government around the prorogation of parliament, the Supreme Court ruled against the government declearing the PM had lied to the Queen making the action illegal.
      - R V Ministry of Justice (2014) -- this was a case brought against the UK government over its blanket ban on assisted dying and whether this contrasted with the ECHR. In the end the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the government, however, thye recomended parlimanet review issues relating to individual autonomy.
    - - Miller v Sectary of State for Exiting the European Union (2017) -- The Supreme Court was asked to assess whether the government could trigger Article 50 without the consent of parliament. The Supreme Court ruled that the executive had to seek parliamentary support for the triggering of Article 50 as it would change domestic law (However, parliament overwhelmingly backed the triggering of Article 50 making the ruling pointless).
      - Workman v Secretary of State for Health and Social Care (2021) -- in this case the Supreme Court was asked to rule whether the Covid restrictions introduced by the government were within its powers. The Supreme Court ruled in favour of the governemnt argueing that it was within their powers.
    - - Assylum Seekers Right to Work (2017) -- The Supreme Court ruled that the government policy outlawing assylum seekers from working while their applications where being processed broke the ECHR. However, the governemnt ignored the ruling and have not made substantive changes to the law.
      - Civil partenerships for Hetrosexual couples (2018) -- The Supreme Court ruled that the law only allowing same sex couples to have civil partnerships was incompatable with the Human Rights Act 1998. In responce the governemnt changed the law and enabled different sex civil partnerships.