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right and left wing solutions to crime - Coggle Diagram
right and left wing solutions to crime
left wing
braithwaite- there are 2 types of shaming, 'disintegrative' and 'reintegrative'- disintegrative shaming involves replacing someone's sense of self with a negative label in relation to crime they have committed, left realists believe we should shame act rather than person. if not labelled may prevent likelihood to reoffend
believe in rehabilitation, helping the offender to realise their mistakes and consequences. regulate offender back into society. many prisoners have low reading ages/ literacy
''restorative justice''
believe that solutions should be long term and create structural change
possible policies they suggest are: reduce unemployment, reduce income inequalities, raise living standards and improving education
rehabilitation also leads offender to recognise damage offending has had on victim, community and society
this type of justice (restorative) is demonstrated in Scandinavian countries: Netherlands, Iceland, crime rates are also the lowest and most equal countries
right wing
incarceration- RR believe that current punishments for offences lack clarity, but believe prison works. criminals make a rational calculation about whether a crime is worth the cost v benefit. therefore is punishment is a prison sentence it would act as a deterrent in calculation made by criminals= less crime committed
retribution= 'an eye for an eye' solution should be a proportionate response to the crime. if justice happens beneficial for aggravated party (victim)
encourage use of CCTV, neighbourhood watch schemes etc. ''pro active policing'' sending police into specific areas/ estates= target hardening
''punitive justice''/ ''retributive justice''
Murray- crime could only be reduced if welfare payments to the poor were reduced or abolished altogether in order to motivate members of the underclass to seek legitimate work
van de haag- suggests that CJS needs to be harder in both length of prison sentences and actual experience of imprisonment. also introduced, '3 strikes and you're out' policy where 3rd crime leads to life in jail
these policies are demonstrated in: UK, US
situational crime prevention
CCTV- UK has highest number of CCTV cameras in western world- estimated 4.2 million, one every 14 million people
designing out crime/ target hardening= focus on individual responsibility for welfare and homes. and actions against criminal by designing crime out of their lives through security systems
increasing the costs or risks in a particular situation so that benefits of crime are significantly reduced
environmental crime prevention
based on Wilsons, 'broken windows theory' suggests environmental deterioration allows for crime to flourish in those areas
neighbourhoods should be flooded with police officers, 'zero tolerance policing' which are encouraged to be intolerant of deviant/ criminal activity
authorities need to take more responsibility for improving local neighbourhoods: repairing broken windows, cleaning graffiti
these policies were responsible for massive decrease in crime in New York in 1990s
criticisms of SCP
root causes of crime (poverty and inequality) are ignored
over focus on street crimes and burglary, ignore white collar and corporate crimes
surveillance infringes on people's privacy
ECP criticisms
zero tolerance encourages police to stereotype and discriminate against what it sees as 'problem groups'
overemphasises control of disorder rather than tackling underlying causes