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the lithosphere - Coggle Diagram

- - - - gravimetry -cgravimeters detect variations in rock density, igneous rocks are most dense
      - magnetometry-manometric measures variations in magnetism .used to detect iron/ore
      - seismic survey-earthquakes create shock waves . the echoes of which can be used to detect depth
      - IR spectroscopy -IR sensors detect differences In IR emissions from rocks . this can identify different types of rock
      - resistivity- how well electricity is conducted by rock. low resistivity=metal beating rock or high water content
      - aerial photographs-used to detect topography and possible fault lines
      - advantages - less labour intensive , inaccesible areas surveyed, low habitats disturbance ,large area surveyed
        
        disadvantages - high initial cost, no samples are taken, less detailed information,clouds can hide surface
  - - - does tech exist to exploit it
      - what are the financial costs
      - what is the environmental impact
      - factors affecting economic viability of mines
        
        1.market demand +supply value -higher demands will increase value of minerals . sale price will depend but also cost of extraction/processingand also how much is neigh produced
        
        2.ore purity--lackeys principal states the purer the ore the less of it in the lithosphere . this means there is a lot of low purity ores .lower grade ores have more financial costs .more rick mined ,more water spoil, more energy used in extraction and more processing more pollution .
        
        3.COOG- cute of ore grade . this is the lowest purity ore that is still profitable to mine . this id dependant on the market /technology.lower COOG means you can. mine lower ore purity
        
        transport cost - is deposit accessible , is there previous infrastructure /roads?will impure ores need to be transported - these have higher mass
        
        5.depth - as depth increases cost increases .ore rock has to be extracted ,more water must be pumped out of mine
        
        6.overburden- its the amount of rock above a deposit .hard overburden requires blasting -increase costs. loose overburden increases risk of landslides
  - - - mechanism- new machinery means new materials/metals can be mined at greater depths ,also means open cast mining with more overburden being removed at faster rate which is more economically viable
      - exploring lower grade deposits -lower coog
        
        bioleaching- acids produced by fungi the bacteria dissolves the metal and the metals are then explotirtd using electrolysis
        
        phyloming-uses hyperaccumaltion plants which absorb metal ions from the soil . over time metals become concentrated in plants . plants are burnt and metal is absorbed from the ash
        
        iron displacemnt- iron displaces copper in solution , copper is deposited
        
        leachate collection- rainwater percolates through soil heaps , water contains dissolved metal ions . electrolysis removes the metal
        
        polymer adsorption-low energy method dissolved metal ions absorb to surface level of polymers
        
        bacteria adsorption-bacteria adsorbs rare earth metals . acid is used to remove them e.g(neodymium used in smartphones)
    - - recycling - raw materials can be reused from recycling waste . waste is pre consumer generated by manufacturing or post consumers such as discorded products
      - advantages - conserves mineral resources and reduces energy from extraction, reduces environmental impacts , reduces waste for dispersal
  - - - when making spoil heaps they have to be made less steep and stabilised by tree roots to root bind