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changing places, Tata Steel, decentralisation of factories-following the…

- - - - princesshay
      - guildhall
      - major chain stores
      - high footfall
    - - southernhay
      - banks
      - building societys
    - - southernhay
    - - cathedral green
    - - Queen St
      - cafe/pubs etc
    - - Ghandy St
      - Fore St
      - ind stores
  - - - 1950-580,000 2012-290,000
    - - advantages
        
        more pleasant and social
        
        can make impulsive purchases
        
        shopping for leisure
        
        direct possession and use
        
        feeling of reliability
        
        easy to compare products
        
        able to test products
      - disadvantages
        
        opening times are limited
        
        congestion and cost
        
        parking costs
        
        less easy to compare prices
        
        pushy sales people
        
        more expensive due to cost of space to store
        
        lack of info on background of products and services
  - - - highest footfall and demand
- - - - these jobs are low paid and do not require much skill
  - - - leads to greater inequality and skills gap
    - - negative multiplier effect-downward spiral-positive feedback
  - - - increased social mix between classes
        
        poor people live in social housing of which is sometimes the same building as luxury expensive flats
        
        17% earn less than £15,000 a year and a similar proportion have incomes over £60,000 a year
    - - increased crime rate
        
        the rise in shop prices-more theft from people who can't afford the products-may be their only choice due to high house prices
        
        Islington is among the top 5 most dangerous cities in London
        
        overall crime rate-2020-206 crimes per 1,000 people
    - - very centre of London
      - North of the River Thames
      - 21% own their own home
      - 5% unemployment rate
      - 42% have a full time job
      - £580,000 is the average house price
    - - loss of subculture
      - decline in owner owned homes
        
        32%-2001 and 28% in 2011
      - London met University created in 2002
  - - - prices can be cheaper from large chain stores-more people will buy from them
      - smaller retailers are driven out-chain stores profit
    - - chain stores have greater wealth to spend on the surrounding environment-local people will benefit and improve the atmosphere
      - chain stores have a 'brand identity' so all stores look the same
    - - people recognise the shop-shoppers trust brands-new shops get discarded
      - fewer independent shops on the high street-chain stores tend to stock a large range of products
  - - - Hitler launched a series of reprisal raids on towns
      - Baedeker tourist guide selected the targets with Exeter being first
      - 400 shops,150 offices,36 club/pubs were destroyed
      - 15,000 houses were destroyed,2700 seriously damaged and 16,000 with slight damage
    - - nature of the CBD-recession and utilitarian architecture
      - 1970-guildhall
      - 1980-harlequins-dated
      - 1990-tired and rundown
      - poor footfall
      - 2000-online shopping increase
    - - princesshay adjoining the cathedral close 2005
        
        pedestrinised
        
        promoting cafe bar culture
        
        trees and seating
      - high street was redeveloped 2007
    - - used brownfield sites
      - rent was high-invited expensive chain stores
      - stores moved into princesshay-vacant shops elsewhere
- - - - 3 in Scotland
      - St Ives-Art,Cardiff-media and TV
      - high concentration in the SE
    - - education-Oxford,London
      - specialised manufacturing-Sheffield,Birmingham
      - research-Cambridge
      - digital/IT-Birmingham
      - culture/creative industries-Bristol
      - science/biotechnology-London
    - - increase of demand for housing stock-increase in housing prices (hotspots)
      - rebranding/reimaging-increase in redevelopment and gentrification-filtering
      - increase in students-studentification-social,economic,environmental impacts
      - Monkerton drive,Pinhoe-greenfield sites used for housing
      - urban sprawl-growth of J29 and M5
      - infill-Hill Barton estates
  - - - represent areas as being attractive for inward investment
      - 2015- more than 100 parks in the UK, employing 42,000 people
    - - first and largest science park in the UK
      - future-regeneration and investment organisation aims to consolidate the golden triangle
        
        between Oxford, central London and Cambridge
      - impacts
        
        high house prices
        
        £40,000 for 3 bed apartment
        
        Astrozenica-worth £4.5 billion
        
        2000 jobs lost
        
        building on greenfield sites
        
        competition for houses-students
  - - - usually aged 18-24
        
        18.6% in Exeter are students
    - - student choice-areas perceived as student areas
      - area is walking distance of campus
      - pubs/clubs with a 24 hour economy are nearby
      - transient nature of students
      - local landlords see buy-to-let opportunity
    - - brownfield sites are regenerated
      - gentrification can occur
      - revitalise city centres-investment in campus buildings etc
      - conflict with locals over noise etc
      - students can volunteer within the local community
      - large flats dominate urban sky
  - - - money collected by Exeter City Council
      - stakeholders-business owners-but also improves others QoL
      - 5 year business plan-2020-2025
      - City centre and Magdelen road and Magdelen street
      - successful?
        
        41% of urban centres were clone towns and independent shops were in short supply
        
        Torbay and Exeter have joined together to become an internationally recognised city of culture
        
        will receive £40,000 to develop the programme and secure the status
        
        possible barriers
        
        lockdowns
        
        reccessions
        
        bankruptcy
        
        lack of ppts
        
        vacant shops
    - - restrictions for the high street traders-e.g.restrictions on night time deliveries
        
        to minimise noise pollutions
      - retail spending in town centres have dramatically decreased-7% 2000-2014
      - free and accessible parking-50% of small business owners said the lack of affordable parking had a negative impact on their business
        
        may decrease the amount of money made to improve the area
      - may not be successful in the long run
      - Portas wants failing highstreets to 'give up' and not try to regenerate them
- - - - 2011-ave household gdi-£13,560 in NE
    - - 2015 may-7.7% NE
    - - ave prices in NE-£154,000
    - - 2013 Manchester-71.8m 77.8f
  - - - 2011 ave household gdi-£20,509 in London
    - - SE-4.4%
    - - SE-£305,000
    - - 40%
    - - 2013 East Dorset-83.1m 84.7f
  - - - and 4/5 jobs created in the private sector
    - - lots of investment in infrastructure
        
        Thames gateway £1.5 billion
        
        shortens supply chains
        
        17 million consumers
    - - best careers are found in capital city
      - 58% of workers in London are graduates
        
        compared to usual 33%
      - 800,000 travel to London for work
    - - proximity fuels productivity
      - google hq London-£520million investment
    - - London attracts fdi
      - Battersea power station
        
        Malaysian investors bought it for £400million, now worth £8billion
  - - - affected from a large amount of people in one area
    - - regeneration schemes in old inner city areas
      - 1960's urban renewable has degraded as new development is taking place
      - 179 flats privately owned under the 'right to buy' scheme
      - 3 bedroom flat in a suburb-£700,000
      - people are filtered into towns/cities based on how much money a person has
  - - - social and civic participation
      - social mobility
      - educational training and attainment
      - trust in people with power
    - - segregation
      - health issues
        
        lack of wealth/access to care
      - infant mortality
      - status competition
    - - spatial disparities in employment,income,life expectancy and ualifications grew rapidly
      - regional imbalance deepend nationally
      - SE les affected by de-industrilisation on account of more diverse economies
      - tertiary and quaternary industries helped keep employment losses below the national averages
- - - - pre industrial-subsistence farming
      - industrial-manufacturing
      - post industrial-various services
  - - - cyclical
  - - - cheaper goods in developing countries
      - fewer imports/exports
      - general decline in manufacturing
    - - fewer goods transported
      - allowed outsourcing to happen
      - fewer dockers needed to load/unload
    - - more run-off upstream
        
        more soil movement and silt deposition
      - harder to get transport upstream as boats get bigger
    - - jobs decline so loss of investment
        
        negative multiplier effect
      - low quality housing
      - other goods from different countries
- - - - decentralisation (centrifugal movement)
        
        redevelopment area>older housing>better housing>best housing>new housing
      - regeneration (centripetal force)
        
        new housing>older housing
        
        gentrification
        
        moving back to old housing as age increases
    - - (jobs,education,healthcare etc)
      - leads to social exclusion
        
        (race,affluence,age etc)
    - - an area where the population is exclusively made up of a single ethnicity or cultural minority (80%)
        
        occur due to the need to reduce the feeling of isolation and as a form of defence from other ethnic groups
      - there is none in the UK
        
        we have ethnic segragation
        
        largest in Brent (44%) and Newham (42%)
        
        US- 90% of African Americans live in ghettos
      - ghettoisation in LA
        
        large population growth due to immigration
        
        rapid expansion of secondary industry
        
        more job oppourtunities
        
        immigrants 'pulled' in to work with the promise of a better life
        
        most lived with friends and family so led to racially segregated areas
        
        LA is the most ethnically diverse major city in the US
        
        population split between white caucasion,latino,african americans and asain/pacific islanders
        
        2000-nearly half the population of LA was latino
        
        now asains are the fastest growing ethnic group there
        
        40% immigrants and 42% speak spanish as their first language
        
        poor living conditions
        
        low wages mean many ethnic minorities have no hope of buying theur own houses, and have to rent
        
        ghettos are typically low housing conditions, low income and low levels of property maintenance
        
        high population of around 3000 people per km2
  - - - pre-industrial economics-gdp per capita increases>level of environmental degradation rises
        
        positive correlation
      - during industrial economics-turning point possibly due to globalisation
      - post industrial economics-environmental degradation declines as the gdp increases
        
        reverse correlation
- - - - the collected physical,economic,social and cultural changes that can be carried out in a place
    - - financial injection made by trans national company into a nations economy, either to build new facilities or to merge with an existing firm already based there
      - e.g. offshoring, foreign mergers, transfer pricing etc
    - - have to pay to return to college
      - lots of time needed to learn new skills
      - struggle to get a job and go to school
    - - free market liberalisation
      - privatision
      - business start ups
      - enterprise zones
        
        policies are in place to encourage economic growth and development are implemented
    - - high speed 2
        
        railway line with high speed trains from London to Manchester
        
        aiming to spread all of the Southt's wealth to the North
    - - collection of Northern cities joining together for jobs/businesses
      - hope is to reduce the N/S divide
      - 60,000 public sector jobs were lost in the region of Northern TUC
    - - designated urban green space in development plans
      - prevent land contamination
      - reuse brownfield sites/land
      - increase the use of renewable energy
    - - wants high streets to grow
        
        affordable town centre car parking
        
        'town teams'
        
        neighbouring planning
      - 16 shop closures a day
      - 1.4% reduction in October of number of people visiting high streets
  - - - use of infrastructure
      - sustainable communities
      - new settlements
      - improved buildings
      - themed events
      - marketing heritage (tourism)
      - use of technology to attract new investment
      - retail
      - sport,art,culture
    - - Olympic stadium,London Newham
        
        average salary in NH is 1/5 of what people earn in Kensington
        
        NH life expectancy was 7 years below average
        
        new large complex built (olympic village)
        
        Lee valley regional park park authority benefitted from olympic funding
        
        environmental advantages
        
        new locks led to permanent waterways
        
        wildlife relocated
        
        cables buried underground and electricity pylons removed
        
        social advantages
        
        50% of land is for affordable housing
        
        £50000 redevelopment of park/football scheme
        
        'streets of growth scheme' locals choice
        
        economic advantages
        
        financial help to relocate buisnesses
        
        regenerated 2002 LDA grant
        
        5 years later it was demolishes, even though it was already thriving
        
        new international eurostar
        
        new broadcasting center
        
        50,000 new jobs
        
        social disadvantages
        
        clays lane estate
        
        £8500 compensation for residents
        
        relocated all residents spread around London
        
        difficult to find affordable housing
        
        1 bed flat £70-£140 per week
        
        economic disadvantages
        
        Newham's economy has decreased due to relocation of factories
    - - rebranding initiative
        
        local
        
        boats got larger so was difficult to move further up the river
        
        so docks were moved downstream
        
        avoiding 'break in bulk' as transportation methods change
        
        River Thames became increasingly silted
        
        global/national
        
        outmigration-due to low quality housing being built in the 50/60s
        
        1961-1971-83,000 jobs lost
        
        18.5% population decline 1971-1981
        
        21km2 in the centre of London was available for regeneration
      - approach
        
        London docklands development corporation (LDDC) 1981-1998
        
        managed regeneration with granted opportunity from the government
        
        economically regenerate the area by primarily attracting private investment
        
        to physically regenerate the environment to aid economic regeneration
        
        to improve the living conditions and prospects of the community of the docklands
      - what changed
        
        1980's=LDDC attracted £10 of private investment for every £1 spent
        
        enterprise zone
        
        low tax
        
        16,000 jobs created
        
        improved transport links e.g. M1
        
        new office blocks like canary wharf were built
        
        £100 million spent on education,health and training
        
        derelict land was claimed
        
        200,000 trees were planted
      - was it a success?
        
        yes
        
        29% of new residents were from isle of dogs and 40% from elsewhere in east London
        
        many of newbuild occupants had modest incomes and came from a diverse range of backgrounds
        
        allowed regeneration to occur in other regions such as Essex through the Southend-on-sea
        
        no
        
        many felt that the planners failed to move the old residents somewhere enjoyable
        
        central to the conflict that emerged between developers and the established communities
        
        early 1980's-still had empty warehouses with graffiti and remnants of the past
        
        1898-fragments of records from the Marchioness disaster washed up on the shore
        
        mixed
        
        still had people living in the old London county council flats that remained