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Global migration - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Assylum seeker -- a person who seeks entry to another country by claiming to be a refugee.
  - - - Italy (gained 1.18 million people through migration in 2013) and Germany (gained 466,000 people through migration in 2013) are the largest hosts of migrants within the EU (this includes migrants from outside the EU).
      - In 2020 Romania and Poland both had the largest net migration loss within the EU as citizens moved to find better jobs.
    - - Poland and India are the countries of orgins to the largest number of migrants in the UK.
      - Austrialia and the USA are the largest hosts of expats from the UK.
      - Reasons why people come to the UK
        
        Education (over 255,000 people were granted student visas in 2020).
        
        Family (over 150,000 people were granted family based visas in 2020).
        
        Jobs (over 140,000 people were granted visas for work in 2020).
      - Reasons why people leave the UK
        
        Jobs
        
        Retirement
        
        Family
  - - - Most refugees come from Africa and the Middle East.
      - Inter-regional migration for refugees can be very dangerous, it is believed that 6 refugees died a day during the 2018 migrant crisis.
      - Routes into Europe
        
        Across the Med from Libya to Italy.
        
        West Africa to Southern Spain.
        
        Turkey to Greece.
      - 2015 migrant crisis
        
        More then 1 million migrants and refugees attempted to enter the EU; this created many divisons within the EU and brought it close to breaking point.
        
        Many countries made refugee pledges (the UK announced it would take 500 Syrian refugees), but these pledges were soon overun (the UK ended up taking more than 2,000).
        
        The UN called it the worst refugee crisis since WW2.
        
        Many migrants drowened in the Med and to avoid this they attempted to cross the Greek-Turkish border.
        
        Driven by the Syrian civil war and growining instability around the world.
        
        In an attempt to deal with the migrant crisis Hungary built a fence along its border with Serbia (a common route for those who arrived in Greece).
  - - - Intervening factor -- these are factors that make it harder for migrants to move and include the cost of moving and physical barriers such as oceans.
  - - - The EU has high intra-regional migration because of the Schegan area (27 member states including EU member states and smaller non-EU european countries) and freedom of movement wihtin the rest of the EU.
      - In 2018 1.4 million EU citizens lived outside of their country of origin.
        
        Spain, Estonia and Latvia have the largest migrant populations with migrants making up more than 16% of their populations.
      - Reasons for an increase in intra-EU migration
        
        EU expansion
        
        The EU let in member states in rounds these occured in 2004, 2007 and 2013 (14 members have joined since 2004).
        
        All new EU member states must join Schegan.
        
        Schegan area
        
        Enables freedom of movement within the EU.
    - - There are almost 700,000 people within the UK of Polish connections.
      - Polish migration grew rapidly when it joined the EU.
      - Reasons for Polish migration
        
        Brittian did not impose miration rules on the A8 countries (including Poland).
        
        Many people speak English.
        
        UK had a labour shortage that needed filling.
        
        Polish workers could earn 5 times as much in the UK as in Poland.
        
        Unemployment was very high in 2004 in PLAND (1/5 of Poles were unemployed).
      - Type of work Poles did
        
        97% of Poles worked full time.
        
        Many men worked in seccondary industry jobs while women worked in restraunts and hotels as nanies and cleaners.
        
        A survey of businesses that employed Poles showed that 61% of business hired them for their superiod work ethic and only 16% because they could be paid less.
      - Demographics and location
        
        Most Poles went to live in Polish communities in the UK, but when work couldn't be found in those they moved out.
        
        40% of Poles live in London
        
        Demographics
        
        1/3 of new Polish migrants are graduates.
        
        80% are younger than 34.
        
        The average age of a Polish migrant is 28.
        
        Only 10% of migrants have brought dependents.
        
        58% of them are male.
      - Pros and cons
        
        For source country
        
        Pros
        
        It is estimated that £4 billion are sent back as migrant remitances.(this accounts to 0.6% of Polish GDP).
        
        Cons
        
        Nearly half of businesses in Poland say they lack the skilled labour to grow.
        
        Poland's divorce rate has doubled in the last 7 years. This was driven by:
        
        Many migrants left their family at home and it has strained relationships.
        
        Social remitances have led to a liberalistion of views on divorce.
        
        Host country
        
        Pros
        
        Polish migrants have been key in filling labour gaps.
        
        Businesses have profited from Poles buying into consumer culture.
        
        Tesco's now sells 100 Polish food goods.
        
        Many small Polish businesses have started up.
        
        Although estimates vary it is believed that Poles have contributed severall billion to the UK economy.
        
        Many people support a multi-cultural Britian and believe that Polish migration has helped this.
        
        Cons
        
        It has been argued that Polish migration has contributed to stagant UK wage growth.
        
        Since 2007 UK wages when adjusted for inlation have not risen and Poland joined the EU in 2004.
        
        Many have accused migrants of comming over to profit off lucratice welfare state schemes.
        
        This helped feed political instability and Brexit.
      - Changes to patterns
        
        Migration dropped by 40% after the 2008 crash.
        
        A mixture of a weak pound leading to a higher cost of living and increasing wages in Poland is making life in Poland more tasteful.
        
        Growth in the Polish economy is creating more job opportunities for Poles.
        
        EU countries are lifting migration limits on A8 countries.
        
        People have achieved their goals of wealth creation.
        
        Citites like Gdansk are running workshops to encrouge people to move back.
        
        It is estimated that in 5 years 60% of Poles in the UK will remain permantly.
- - - - Many countries in the global south have growing economies that employ lots of migrant workers (such as Qatar).
    - - People will flee conflict to nearby countries who countries with similar cultures.
      - One of the biggest desitinations for both Palistian and Syrian refugees has been Lebanon.
  - - - West African intra-regional migration.
      - Burkina Fasso
        
        Landlocked, young population and poor (GDP per capitia of $634).
      - Ivory Coast
        
        Coastal, major exporter of cocoa and slightly richer (GDP per capitia of $1529).
      - People from Burkina Fasso move to the Ivory Coast in search of better paying farming jobs, doing so enables them to send remittences back.
      - Migration is boosted by a shared culture, language and currency.
    - - Around 1.9 to 3 million Burmese live in Thailand.
      - Myanmar
        
        GDP per capitia of $1408 with 26% of the population living below the poverty line.
      - Thailand
        
        GDP per capitia of $7808.
      - Migration is mainly driven by economic reasons including Thailand's $9 a day minimum wage.
      - Many migrants are refugees escapting forced labour in Myanmar.
      - Increased by freedom of movement between ASEAN members.
- - - - Increases imigration into the country.
    - - Migrants may be low skilled.
      - Increases strain on public services (this can create political tensions).
  - - - Limits the total number of migrants.
    - - Migrants let in may not be skilled.
      - Limits the total number of migrants.
      - May prevent refugees entering the county.
  - - - Limits the total number of migrants.
      - Ensures migrants entering the country are migrants that the country wants.
    - - Limits immigration.
      - May prevent some refugees entering the county.
  - - - Country profile
        
        GDP per capitia of $1,285.
        
        HDI of 0.56.
        
        Population of 75 million and population denisity of 281/km2.
      - Remittences sent to Pakistan are worth over $7.147bn.
      - Emmigration is encoruged through:
        
        The Pakistan National Emmigration Policy which works with the ILO to support migrants.
        
        Ratification of treaties.
        
        Promoting Pakistani migrants.
        
        Encrouging female migration.
        
        Setting up social support networks.
        
        Helping train Pakistani youths.
    - - Country profile
        
        GDP per capitia of $46,190.
        
        HDI of 0.922.
        
        Population of 37.4 million and a population denisity of 4/km2.
      - Canada took in over 25,000 Syrian refugees in 2015.
      - They use a points based migration system to encrouge skilled migrants such as doctors and engineers (areas where there are labour shortages).
- - - - 28.8% of Nepal's GDP comes from remittences and their HDI is 0.54 and remittences are linked to an 11% drop in poverty.
      - 21.1% of Haiti's GDP comes from remitences and their HDI is 0.471.
      - Globally migrant remittences are valued at $413 billion a year and international aid spending is $135 billion, however aid spending is more targeted to developing countries.
    - - India and China are the largest recivers of migrant remittences.
      - It is not only EDCs/LIDCs that recive migrant remitences, globally France is the 5th largest reciver of migrant remittences maoinly driven by high skilled workers in other EU nations.
    - - Pros
        
        Can drive economic growth as families in the home country have a higher disposable income, this is magnified in the very poorest communities (commonly inrural areas) as their income has increased by a greater percentage.
        
        Can drive economic growth as remittences can act as another form of credit instead of bank loans and this can help remove credit contrainsts on the poorest people.
      - Cons
        
        Remittences can undermine long term economic gorwth as they are commonly spent on foriegn and not local goods.
        
        Money is not spent or saved productivly meaning that it is not contributing as much as it could be to the economy.
        
        Can lead to an increase in exchange rates which could lead to an increase in the cost of exports (making them less competitive).
        
        They can bind a nations economic growth to the success of another.
        
        It is very expensive sending money back meaning that much of the money poeple are earning is not helping them or their family.
        
        To send money to Africa 12% of it is taken as fees.
        
        To send money to Venuzula 90% of it is taken as fees.
        
        Costs can be reduced by
        
        Reducing regulation on small level remittences.
        
        Abolish execlusive partnerships with post offices.
        
        Enable non-profit organistions to set up remittence services.
  - - - Unequal flow of money out a of country means that money is being moved away from the host country.
      - Countries of orgin loose many young, skilled workers which could lead to brain drain.
      - Migrant remittences can increase inquality in a country as not everyone can afford to send people to other countries to work.
      - There is inequality in the routes migrants take with south to north and south to south migration being dominant.
        
        South to north migration has been a key driver of brain drains in developing countries.
      - Unequal access to technology is preventing the effective work of civillian relief organistions. These inequalities stem from a lack of investment in technology and control of technology by dicatorships.
      - Moria refugee camp -- example of inequality
        
        Located in Greece (Lesbos) it is one of the key sights into Europe in regards to inter-regional travel.
        
        Built to house 3,000 people, but holds 13,000 people.
        
        Many of these people live in tents pitched around the hillside with no running water or electricity.
    - - Social conflict can be created as people being to feel like they are losing their connection to place as demographics change. -- BREXIT and Trump/populaism
      - If immigrant populations are focused on one area than this can lead to unequal pressure on local services such as education and health.
      - Can create conflict on international borders such as the Greek-Turkish border where it is not rae for their to be flair ups of voilence.
    - - Many migrants are victems of human rights abuses such as forced labour.
      - Many assylum seekers are held in detnetion centres and are not allowed to work and only being sustained on the very basic level.
  - - - Migrant remittences can help support stability in the migrants home country.
      - New migrants return home with new ideas and values (commonly more progressive views) can contribute to peace building and conflcit resolution.
      - In countries where there is an aging population, youthful migration is important to maintaing a balanced age/population structure.
      - Many children of migrants will be educated in the host country and may return with different ideas and values.
    - - The GDP and tax base of the host country will increase.
      - Migrants act as consumers in the areas where they move and this helps to stimulate local economic growth as more people are spending money.
      - Migrants can fill skill/labour shortages.
      - Migrant remittences can supplement household income, stimulating spending and increasing investment into the local community (this can create a multiplier effect).
    - - In 2018 the world bank estimated that $689 billion of were sent as migrant remittences.
      - UN 'migration and development' programmes work with partner countries along side families, local government and the public and private sector to provide bottom up development.
      - Migrants can create networks which can ease the flow of skills, financial resources, values and ideas back into home countries.
      - Skills and knowledge acquired by returning migrants can be of benefitto contries of origin.
- - - - Most refugees fled to the nierbouring countries of Turkey and Lebanon, many more used these countries as a stepping stone to enter Europe causing the 2015 migrant crisis.
- - - - Jobs
      - Higher wages
      - Chances to send money home
    - - UAE
        
        In 2000 there were 2.45 million young migrants in the UAE, in 2013 there were 7.83 million.
        
        Many young migrants are low skilled with only 3.6% of them employed in health and 2.6% employed in education.
  - - - Greater levels of freedom of movement for women indeveloping countries.
      - Desire for family reunifaction.
      - Improved status of women.
      - Improved global governence of migration.
      - Increase in the number of skilled/educated women increasing the number of women who may migrate in search of better pay/less gender discrimination.
      - Increase in the number of refugees.
        
        Men were not allowed to flee Ukraine while women and children were.
      - Improvements in government policy.
    - - Female migrants send home more remitences then men.
      - More than 40% of all migrants are women (in 2013, in developed countries 52% of migrants were female and in developing countries 46% of migrants were female).
      - Migrant women have a higher level of labour force partcipitation then non-migrant women (72% to 64%).
    - - 50% of refugees and girls, however, only 4% of UN inter-agency appeals were target at women and girls.
      - 1 in 5 displaced women face sexual voilence.
      - In some countries female migrants still face restrictions to work.