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Heredity, DNA (deoxyribonucleotide acid). Codes for genetic traits, genome…
Heredity
DNA
(deoxyribonucleotide acid). Codes for genetic traits
Cells
Functions of a cell
Making of proteins: Functions of Protien
Protein Hydrolysis
: this process is the breaking down of peptide bonds and increase of free proteins
phosphorylation
: a process that continually occurs in proteins causing a change of function
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4:
a cell division protein that is used in this process. This enzyme carries phosphate around using ATP
HrRNP
families of proteins located in the cell nucleus
-important for pre-RNA slicing
Hydrolysis
Energy Production
*Mitosis
: making new cells often referred to as cell division
p16:
is a protein that slows cell division without it causes an inconsistent and dangerous cell cycle
biosynthesis
is the process when substrates turn into a more complex product, (which makes us) There are multiple ways of this process photosynthesis, AtP synthesis, and amino acid synthesis
angiogenesis
the formation of new blood vessels,
Metaplasia:
This is when there is a change in the cell and is a step closer to cancer but does not guarantee it Ist a step
Dyplasia:
the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer, the second step in malignant cells 2nd
Anaplasi
a Loss of normal cell cycle and organization, the Third and final step toward malignancy
Malignant cells
PDAC cells
These cells are highly aggressive and are usually found because of a lack of recognition, this accounts for close to 90% of pancreatic cancer cases.
Biogenis:
the creation of living matter
Mutated Cells/DNa
: caused by outside sources often, radiation, chemical issues,
etc..
Genomic Instability:
when cells live shorter life spans due to mutation it often leads to problem like cancer
CANCER
melanoma:
This is a skin cancer, and its caused by UV RAYS and exposure to the sun. This cancer develops when your melanosomes (skin pigment cells) become cancerous. Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer.
Melanoma Metastasis
: Melanoma is a great example of metastasis. This cancer often starts as just a few millimeters in size but these cancer cells spread quickly through metastasis and that's one reason contributing to its mortality.
Metastasis:
this is the spreading of cancer usually through blood flow or the lymph nodes
Lymphatic spread
the malignant cells will travel through the lymphatic system.
Transcoelomic spread
This is when the tumor spreads across a body cavity an example would be colon cancer spreading to the liver.
Hematogenous spread
....... The spreading of cancer cells through the bloodstream/blood.
Canalicular spread :
Similar to the transcoelomic spread, meaning cancer spreads in similar ways just a little further.
Melanin
: Melanin is what determines your skin pigmentation, it is responsible for your eyes, your hair, and your skin color!!!
eumelanin
: A brown and black pigment that makes the skin darker
pheomelanin:
reddish-yellow sulfur that gives the color a lighter flush
Characteristics of Cancer
Neoplasm:
Abnormal growth in the body is a characteristic of cancer
Chromosome instability (CIN)
This is associated with all cancers and means that there was a defect during chromosome segregation during mitosis leading to problems.
BDR4:
this is a protein that supports the spreading of cancer
Treatment:
Gemcitabine
A common enzyme found in chemotherapy
FDR:
false positives
FFPE: using tissue samples to properly see the malginaces in the sample
Epigenetics
: this changes the way the DnA is being read but does not change the sequency.
gene expression
housekeeping gene
: a housekeeping gene is a gene that is stable and has a normal rate of expression
splicing fidelity:
-the accuracy and persuasion of RNA, it's like the final editor of RNA
-responsible for finding the proper splice places and removing introns, non-coding areas of a gene while leaving the rest of the gene intact
*Splicesome
.
this is the primary step of pre-mRNA
-splicing defects can lead to genetic disorders and cancer when the RNA’s are no made properly
isoforms
. products of splicing, can lead to mutations
MYC
controls splicing, involed in cell growth and expression
RNase H2
: latches onto the DNA/RNA and causes a divide
homologous recombination
is when a cell repairs a broken DNA strand by filling in the gaps with a certain protein
postreplication repair.
a replication of polymerase that fills in for damaged DNA
Things that raise sustebialty to cancer.
shRNA
Is a type of RNA that evaluates the health of the genome and has the ability to silence kinds of gene expression when needed
*67LR protein
.
Support tumor growth in a cell, and also helps with tumor invasion and metastasis
Sydecan
is usually a normal functioning protein in a healthy cell, but in a cancerous cell, it supports growth factors that lead to malgalgence.
Circular RNA
RNA that has no end point and that has been proven to have high rates of mutation causing cancer
Mutagenesis
The process where the DNA changes resulting in a gene mutation, which is permanent, but the mutation is like the same thing but it affects the genetic material
Methylation:
This is when Methyl will latch onto a DNA segment, which can affect how that molecule might act.
genome