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sylvia is out of breath, image, image, image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - including
        
        subcostal muscles
        
        transversus thoracis
        
        levator castarum
        
        intercostal muscles
    - - divided into
        
        intercostal nerves
        
        which are
        
        the anterior rami from T1 to T11
        
        subcostal nerve
        
        which is
        
        the anterior ramus of T12
    - - including
        
        ribs
        
        classified into
        
        false ribs
        
        floating ribs
        
        true ribs
    - - divided into
        
        arteries
        
        consist of
        
        musculophrenic artery
        
        descending aorta
        
        internal thorax artery
        
        anterior and posterior intercostal arteries
        
        veins
        
        consist of
        
        azygous
        
        intercostal veins
        
        hemizygous
- - - - consist of
        
        Listening to lungs & heart
        
        Examining the nose and throat
        
        Checking vital signs
        
        Which are
        
        Body temperature, blood pressure, respiratory & heart rate.
    - - Chest x-ray
        
        which shows
        
        Enlarged lungs, air pockets (bullae) & flattened diaphragm.
      - Arterial blood gases
        
        Results in COPD patients are
        
        High % of CO2 in the blood, a sign of poorly functioning lungs
      - Pulse oximetry
        
        Measures the O2 saturation in the blood
      - Spirometry
        
        Results in COPD patients are
        
        FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 0.7& FEV1 of less than 80% of the predicted value
    - - Which is asking the patient if
        
        Smoking
        
        Long-term exposure to dust or air pollutants
        
        Family history of COPD
        
        Shortness of breath
        
        Coughing or wheezing
        
        Sputum production
- - - - Leads to
        
        Pneumonia
        
        Treated by
        
        Antibiotics
        
        Corticosteroids
        
        Prevented by
        
        Smoking cessation
        
        Vaccinations
      - Caused by
        
        Coronavirus
        
        Streptococcus
        
        Parainfluenza
        
        Influenza
    - - Includes
        
        Lung Cancer
        
        Pneumothorax
    - - Includes
        
        Polycythemia
        
        Anaemia
- - - - Henry’s Law
      - Gases exert there own pressure
      - Ptot = ∑Pi = P1 + P2 + P3 ...
    - - Gases dissolved exert pressure
      - O2 & CO2 are simple gases
      - Dalton’s Law
- - - - Pharmacologically
        
        Nicotine patches
        
        which is
        
        doses of nicotine
        
        reduces
        
        withdrawal symptoms
      - Behavioral counselling
  - - - LAMAs
        
        includes
        
        tiotropium
      - SABAs
        
        includes
        
        Albuterol
- - - - Definition:
        
        Pa O2 < 60 mmHg
        
        SpO2 < 90%
    - - Definition:
        
        PaCO2 > 45 mmHg + Ph < 7.35
- - - - Results in
        
        Hypercapnia
        
        Hypoxemia
        
        Wheezing
        
        Cyanosis
    - - Results in
        
        Wheezing
        
        Chest tightness
      - Includes
        
        Centrilobular
        
        Distal acinar
        
        Panacinar