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(2.6) Vaccines, HIV & Immunity - Coggle Diagram
(2.6) Vaccines, HIV & Immunity
Immunity
passive immunity
produced by introduction of antibodies into individuals from an outside source, no direct contact with antigen needed, immunity acquired immediately. antibodies are not replaced when broken down so immunity = not lasting. e.g. anti-venom
active immunity = produced by stimulating production of antibodies by individual's own immune system, direct contact needed, takes time to develop & long lasting
natural active immunity = individual infected by disease under normal circumstances, body produces it's own antibodies
artificial active immunity = forms basis of vaccination, immune response induced in an indvidual without suffering symptoms
Vaccination
introduction of disease antigens into the body by injection/mouth. stimulates slight immune response & memory cells are produced for rapid production of antibodies in case of new infection
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Herd Immunity
when a sufficiently large proportion of the pop has been vaccinated to make it difficult for a pathogen to spread within that pop
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to achieve herd immunity, vaccination is best carried out at one time
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Ethics of using vaccines
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some vaccines have side effects that cause long-term harm, how can this be balanced against eradicating a disease
on whom should they be tested? to what extent should individuals risk personal health for public health?
is it acceptable to test a vaccine with unknown risks in an area where the disease is common, on the basis the pop has the most to gain IF it is successful?
is it right in the interest of public health that vaccination should be compulsory? any time or just in an epidemic? can people opt out & what reasoning should be provided?
should expensive vaccine programmes be continued if a disease is almost eradicated? even though that means less money for other disease treatment?
how can individual risk from vaccination be balanced against advantages of controlling disease for benefit of pop?
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