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Organic reaction - Coggle Diagram
Organic reaction
Elemination reaction
Definition:-
The substitution reaction is defined as a reaction in which the functional group of one chemical compound is substituted by another group or it is reaction which involves the replacement of one atom or a molecule of a compound with another atom or molecule.
Characteristics:-
1) A reactive group such as halogen ,alkoxyl or amino group is present in the reactant molecule.
2) A new group replaces the reactive group in the product rule.
3) The reaction may be exothermic or endothermic depending on the reaction conditions.
Nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes:-CH3Cl + NH3 ->CH3NH2 + HCl
Electrophilic substitution reaction of benzene:-C6H6 + NO2--> C6H5NO2 + H+
Addition reaction
Definition:-
Addition reaction is a chemical reaction involving addition of two or more molecules to form a single molecule .An addition reaction changes unsaturated compounds(with multiple bonds) into saturated compounds (single bond).
Characteristics:-
1) Double or triple bonds present in the reactant molecules .
2) A single product is formed.
3) The reaction may be endothermic or exothermic .
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Reduction reaction
Defination:-
Reduction is a process which involves the addition of hydrogen or any electropositive element or the removal of oxygen or any electronegative element.
According to electronic concept reduction is defined as the process in which an atom or ion gains one or more electrons
Characteristics:-
1) A reactant molecule must contain an atom that can gain electrons or lose oxygen.
2) The reaction is usually exothermic.
Reduction of aldehydes and ketones:-CH3CHO + 2H --> CH3CH2OH
Reduction of alkenes:-C2H4 + H2 -->CH3CH3
Oxidation reaction
Definition:-
Oxidation is a process which involves the addition of oxygen or any elctronegative element or the removal of hydrogen or any electropositive element.
According to electronic concept oxidation is defined as the process in which an atom or ion loses one or more electron.
Characteristics:-
1) A reactant molecule must contain an atom that can lose electrons or gain oxygen.
2) The oxidation state of the atom increases in the product molecule.
3) The reaction is usually exothermic.
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Elemination reaction
Defination:-
An elemination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one - or two - step mechanism.The one step mechanism is Known as a E2 reaction and the two step mechanism is Known as E1 reaction.
Characteristics:-
1) A reactive group such as a hydroxyl ,halogen or amino group is present in the reactant molecule.
2) A small molecule such as water , hydrogen halide or ammonia is removed from the reactant molecule.
Dehydration of alcohols:-CH3CH2OH --> CH2=CH2 + H2O
Dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes:- CH3CH2CH2Cl --> CH3CH=CH2 + HCl