Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Gender - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Brain structure: 'Brain sex theory' - suggests there are brain regions linked with gender dysphoria - hypothalamic area in male to female transgender individuals is more like a 'female' brain - argued to result in feminisation of the brain
      - Genetic explanations: People with gender dysphoria have variations to genes that are responsible for androgen reception - this change reduces the effect of testosterone on the brain and body resulting in feminisation
        
        Van Beijsertveldt - childhood identity data was collected from 8000 pairs of twins (MZ & DZ)as part of a longitudinal twin study in the Netherlands - 70% of the variance in gender identity was due to genetic factors suggesting that Atypical gender development is heritable - females with co twins were more likely to show cross gender behaviour than girls with male co twins
      - Hormonal explanations: Unusual levels of testosterone exposure in the womb influences the development of the foetus - under exposure to males and over exposure to females resulting in atypical gender development
        
        Theisen sequenced the genomes of 13 transgender individuals and compared this to 88 controls - found 21 gene variations associated with oestrogen reception in areas of the brain shown to b come sexually dimorphic before birth - sex hormone exposure before birth results in sexually di orphic brain development contributing to gender dysphoria
  - - - Drummond - 25 girls (3-12 y/o) were assessed as have ng gender dysphoria when followed up (15-36y/o) only 12% were still gender dysphoric - suggests it is not innate and biological but learnt through experience
- - - - Stage 1: Gender identity (2-3 years old) - aware of own gender and can identify others gender but not aware of permanence
        Stage 2: Gender stability (4-5 years old) - aware of own gender as fixed over time, confused by non-normative appearences/ roles
        Stage 3: Gender consistency (5 years old) -Recognise that everyones gender is consistent over time despite changes in or unusual clothing/ hair/ context
        
        After consistency children actively look for then identify with and imitate same genders behaviour - developing an understanding of gender with this behaviour
        
        Slaby and Frey - used interviews to access the stages of development for 23 boys and 32 girls (2-5.5 y/o) - children watch a film with a male and female performing the same activity (playing an instrument and drinking juice) on either side of the screen - researchers recorded how long the child focused on each model - Found that children stage of gender development was associated with age - children in the gender consistency stage spent longer looking at their same-sex model especially the boys - suggest children do have observable stages to gender development as predicted by Kholberg and do look to same sex models for gender self-socialisation
  - - - Children reach gender identity around 2-3 y/o this is the stage suggested that chuildren develop gender schemas - suggests it happens early that 5 years as suggested by Kholberg
        
        Ingroups are the gender that the child belongs to and that children focus more on and develop a stronger understanding of stereotyped behaviour for their gender before a deeper understanding of the outgroup
        
        Reinforced by adult behaviour such as giving them gendered toys, praising gendered behaviour and language
    - - Martin and little assed the stage of gender development at ages 3-5.5 y/o - the judged the children preference for sex-typed clothing and novel items that the experimenter had said was "for boys" and "for girls" - the youngest children were found to have strong sex-typed preferences and stereotyped knowledge of clothes and toys before children reached the gender consistency age - suggests gender stereotypes form early as predicted by GST