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Biopsychology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - More connections as an infant than you ever will have at any other time in your life
      - Axonal sprouting - Existing neurons growing new axons to connect to adjacent neurons - neuronal regeneration is the growth of new neuronal cells
        
        Denervation Supersensitivity - To compensate for the loss of axons in a pathway the remaining axons become more sensitive (more likely to fire) - can result in side effects such as pain
  - - - Eval: :no_entry: Correlation does not show causation
        :check: Using objective scientific measurements - MRI
  - - - The research suggests that a brain cam adapt and recover after significant damage, especially early in life.
- - - - Contralateral - Each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
        
        Cortex - Surface layer of the brain referred to as grey matter (contains mostly cell bodies), 2-4mm thick and folded for extra surface are for processing - white matter is mostly mylienated axons
  - - - Motor Cortex - area of the brain responsible for voluntary motor movements - contralateral. Damage - injuring the Moto cortex results in the loss of muscle function or after severe trauma, paralysis
      - Somatosensory cortex - responsible for receiving sense impressions from around the body. Damage - loss of sensation, ignoring areas of the body (neglect syndrome), loss of ability in recognising objects by their feel - effects on opposite side of the body (contralateral)
      - Auditory Cortex - Receives and processes sound information from the ears - located in both hemispheres at the top of the temporal lobe. Damage - Trauma to the auditory cortex can lead to cortisol deafness - Patient is unable to hear but no damage to ears
        
        Broca's area - Located in the left frontal lobe - responsible for speech production - discovered after case study and post mortem of Tan Whon.
        Damage - Broca's aphasia - difficulty producing fluent speech, speech is slow and effortful (missing words leading to poor grammar )
        
        Wernickes area - Located in the top of the temporal lobe - responsible for speech comprehension
        Damage - Wernickes aphasia - difficulty understanding speech or written language, speech sounds fluent but lacks meaning /nonsense words
        
        Global aphasia - Damage to both Broca's and Wernicke's area - the inability to produce or understand speech
- - - - Inhibitory neurotransmitters - Decrease the likelihood of a new action potential - when detected by the receptors inhibitory neurotransmitters make the electrical charge negative - hyperpolarise
      - Excitatory neurotransmitters - Increase the likelihood of an action potential in the postsynaptic neurone - when detected by the receptors make the electrical charge positive - depolarise
    - - Many medicinal drugs interfere with this process either inhibiting or increasing the transmission of some neurotransmitters e.g. SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) = used for the treatment of depression and anxiety - block the reabsorption into the presynaptic cell
- - - - 2 - when this happens you then enter a stress response - Hypothalamus activates both the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
        
        3 - Endocrine - the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal axis activates - Hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland which releases ACTH
        
        4 - Results in the secretion of the stress hormone Cortisol from the adrenal cortex
        
        3 - Autonomic Nervous System - Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary pathway is triggered causing adrenaline and nor adrenaline to be released from the adrenal medulla
        
        The Role of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline: Travel across the body causing a wide range of effects
        
        Increased blood flow to the brain and skeletal muscles (quick thinking and reactions)
        
        Decreased blood flow to systems that are not time critical
        
        Dialated pupils for improved vision and faster breathing rate for increased oxygen into the blood
- - - - Somatic Nervous System (SNS): Controls Skeletal muscles - under conscious control
      - Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Controls actions of internal organs and glands - unconscious control
        
        Sympathetic: Increases bodily activities - releases noradrenaline - activate in stress response (fight or flight)
        
        Heart rate increases
        
        Sweat increases
        
        Breathing rate increases
        
        Dialates pupils
        
        Inhibits digestion
        
        Parasympathetic: Decreases bodily functions - activates rest and digest
        
        Heart rate decreases
        
        Sweat decreases
        
        Breathing rate decreases
- - - - Pineal Gland -
        Function - Modulates sleep pattern, keeping the body to a day/night circadian rhythm
        Hormones: Melatonin
        
        Brain
  - - - Pancreas Gland -
        Function: Regulates blood sugar levels - problems with this system leads to diabetes
        Hormones: Insulin and Glucagon
        
        Adrenal Glands -
        Function: Regulates biological affects of the fight or flight response increasing heart rate, blood supply to muscles and sweating ect
        Hormones: Adrenaline
        
        Ovaries (females) and Testes (males) -
        Function: Develops secondary sex characteristics in both males and females appearing at puberty
        Hormones: Oestrogen (females) Testosterone (male)
- - - - Motor neuron - Cell Body/ Axon/ Myelin sheath/ Effector