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ethnicity & nationality - Coggle Diagram
ethnicity & nationality
identity = how you see yourself, involving self-concept
self-concept is expressed in 2 ways
- personal identity = the characteristics you ascribe to yourself, eg funny
- social identity = the social groups you belong to, eg middle class
is a product of all the experiences encountered through socialisation, both positive & negative
- eg = gender identity constructed through primary socialisation with canalisation (oakley, 1974)
some argue it's fairly fixed, but others say it's more fluid & an active process
aspects of identity
intersectionality = the idea that you have more than one identity
- eg = marcus rashford identifies as black, british & working class
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ethnicity = identified through shared cultural characteristics, such as skin colour & language - is important for some, but for others means little until they're married for example
traditional
ghumann (1999) = tradition, religion & family values played an important part in the upbringing of 2nd generation asians in the uk
- eg = socialised into the extended family
cashmore & troyna (1990) = in response to racism, ethnic minorities may 'turn inwards' to seek support from within their own ethnic community, strengthening religion & culture as they become key sources of identity & support
jacobson (1997) = many young pakistanis adopt a strong islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white british society
- positively embracing identity through diet, dress & other religious practices
changing
modood (1997) = found generational differences in terms of identity, showing that 2nd gen african-carribeans & asians felt much more british than their parents
back (1996) = cultural hybridity within both black & white youth groups
- 'neighbourhood nationalism' = local youths from all ethnic backgrounds developed a shared identity
brah (1996) = young british asians are very skilled cultural code-switchers who change between a british & asian identity
- postmodernists = identity is about choice in today's globalised & media saturated society
nationality = a sense of belonging to a particular nation & sharing its history, often expressed through supporting national sports teams & speaking the national language
traditional
anderson (1983) = a nation is an 'imagined community' because fellow members will never be met, but will be linked through shared characteristics such as supporting the same sports team
contemporary example = brexit - britain have proven to have a strong national identity by 48% voting to stay independent
hall (1991) = 'cultural resistance' - countries may resist globalisation & protect their cultural heritage
changing
sardar (2002) = due to globalisation, britain's national identity is in decline
- as there's a large blend in nationalities, this makes it hard for british people to recognise their identity & identify with it
hall (1991) = due to globalisation, countries may respond through cultural homogenisation
- refers to accepting a global culture & all countries becoming more similar
- results in loss of traditional identities as new hybrid ones are emerging
brindle (2000) = due to this cultural homogenisation, the uk is becoming more americanised & so national identities are becoming less significant - eg = lots of the films we watch in the uk are from america & feature american filmstars