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LINGUISTICS : - Coggle Diagram

- - - - CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
        
        PAIR OF LANGUAGES WHICH ARE SOCIOCULTURALLY LINKED.
        
        PRACTICAL PURPOSES: FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND TRANSLATION.
        
        FOCUS ON DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LANGUAGES COMPARED.
        
        METHODS
        
        CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS
        
        LADO (1957) & FRIES (1945)
        
        INTERFERENCE OF L1 SYSTEM WITH L2 SYSTEM.
        
        DESCRIPTION, COMPARISON AND PREDICTION OF LEARNING DIFFICULTIES BETWEEN LANGUAGES.
        
        LEARNING = HABIT FORMATION (IMITATION OR REINFORCEMENT).
        
        SIMILARITIES FACILITATE LEARNING (POSITIVE TRANSFER).
        
        DIFFERENCES CAUSE DIFFICULTIES (NEGATIVE TRANSFER OR INTERFERENCE).
        
        ERRORS DERIVE FROM L1 INTERFERENCE.
        
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        VERSIONS
        
        MODERATE
        
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        STRONG
        
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        WEAK
        
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        ERROR ANALYSIS
        
        CORDER (1967)
        
        ERRORS ARE NOT ONLY INEVITABLE BUT ALSO VERY IMPORTANTLY A NECESSARY FEATURE OF LEARNER'S LANGUAGE.
        
        WITHOUT THEM IMPROVEMENT CANNOT OCCUR.
        
        MISTAKE: SELF-CORRECTION OF AN INCORRECT EXPRESSION OR UTTERANCE (FAILURE OF PERFORMANCE)
        
        ERROR: UNINTENTIONALLY SYSTEMATIC DEVIATION MADE BY THE LEARNER (FAILURE OF COMPETENCE).
        
        STAGES:
        
        SELECTION OF CORPUS.
        
        IDENTIFICATION OF ERRORS.
        
        CLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS.
        
        EXPLANATION OF CAUSES.
        
        EVALUATION OF ERRORS.
        
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        INTERLANGUAGE
        
        SALINKER (1969)
        
        LANGUAGE INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN NL AND TL.
        
        FOSSILIZATION: LEARNER'S LANGUAGE DOES NOT DEVELOP ANYMORE.
        
        IDIOSYNCRATIC DIALECT: L2 LEARNERS' UNIQUE INTERLANGUAGE (THIRD LANGUAGE).
        
        SYSTEMATIC, DINAMIC AND GOVERNED BY RULES: LEARNER'S GRAMMAR IS NOT STABLE.
        
        5 PROCESSES:
        
        LANGUAGE TRANSFER.
        
        TRANSFER OF TRAINING.
        
        STRATEGIES OF LEARNING.
        
        STRATEGIES OF COMMUNICATION.
        
        OVERGENERALIZATION OF RULES.