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Schizophrenia 2 - Coggle Diagram
Schizophrenia 2
Negative Symptoms
Speech poverty - the lessening of speech fluency and productivity, this is thought to reflect slowing or blocked thoughts. Patients with this may produce fewer words in a given time on a task of verbal fluency. It may also be reflected in less complex syntax, e.g. fewer clauses, shorter utterances, etc.
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are those that appear to reflect a reduction or loss of normal functions, which often persist even during periods of low (or absent) positive symptoms.
Avolition - a reduction of interests and desires as well as an inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed behaviour. Avolition is distinct from poor social function or disinterest which can be the result of other circumstances.
Affective flattening - a reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression, including facial expressions, voice tone, eye contact and body language. Compared to controls without this symptom, individuals show fewer body and facial movements and smiles, and less co-verbal behaviour.
Anhedonia - a loss of interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities, or a lack of reactivity to normally pleasurable stimuli. It may be persuasive or it may be confined to a certain aspect of experience. Physical anhedonia is the inability to experience physical pleasures such as pleasure from food, bodily contact and so on. Social anhedonia is the inability to experience pleasure from interpersonal situations such as interacting with other people. Because social anhedonia overlaps with other disorders (such as depression), whereas physical anhedonia does nor, the latter is considered a more reliable symptom of schizophrenia (Sarkar et al., 2010).
Positive Symptoms
Hallucinations - bizarre, unreal perceptions of the environment that are usually auditory (hearing voices that other people can't hear) but may also be visual (seeing lights, objects or faces that other people can't see), olfactory (smelling things that other people cannot smell) or tactile (e.g. feeling that bugs are crawling on or under the skin or something touching the skin). Many schizophrenics report hearing a voice or several voices, telling them to do something (such as harm themselves or someone else) or commenting on their behaviour.
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Delusions - bizarre beliefs that seem real to the person with schizophrenia, but they are not real. Sometimes these delusions can be paranoid in nature. This often involves a belief that the person is being followed or spied upon by someone. Delusions may also involve inflated beliefs about the person's power and importance. An individual may also experience delusions of reference, when events in the environment appear to be directly related to them.
Disorganised speech - is the result of abnormal thought processes, where the individual has problems organising his or her thoughts and this shows up in their speech.
Grossly disorganised or Catatonic behaviour - includes the inability or motivation to initiate a task, or to complete it once it is started, which leads to difficulties in daily living and can result in decreased interest in personal hygiene. The individual may dress or act in ways that appear bizarre to other people, such as wearing heavy clothes on a hot summer's day. Catatonic behaviours are characterised by a reduced reaction to the immediate environment, rigid postures or aimless motor activity.
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