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Human rights - Coggle Diagram

- - - - However, human rights norms varry from country to country. In some countries the death penalty is not seen as creul or unsual whilist in others it is.
    - - The most ratified UN convention is the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC.
      - Most treaties regarding human rights guarantee human rights from the moment they are signed, but only countries can effectively enforce human rights within their own county, making the enforcement of human rights highly dependent on the government.
  - - - Economic power -- this is the relative wealth and trade power that countries and groups of countries have.
      - Geopolitics and the major players within it shift over time. From 1945 to the 1980s the two major powers were the USA and the USSR, this has changed to be the USA and China.
      - Can example of spatial difference is the differeing levels of power between European countries and African countries, which we would say that Europe is more powerful despite its smaller size.
    - - The USA is widely considerded to be the only world superpower due to its economic and military power, however this is being challanged by the rise of China.
      - Super-national organistions such as the EU, UN or OPEC can enhance the geopolitical power of their member states through cooperation (when OPEC works together they can control the price of oil).
      - Globalistion power -- this is the process inwhich multinational businesses have infleunce over the countries they operate in (e.g Shell in Nigeria).
  - - - Forced labour -- this is any work or service were people are forced against their will through the threat of some form of punishment or by subtle means such as debt traping.
      - Key facts about forced labour
        
        There are over 28 million poeple in forced labour around the world.
        
        29% of these are people who have moved countries (links to migration).
        
        15% of these people have moved within their own country.
        
        56% of these people are still in their place of origin.
        
        3.3 million children are in forced labour, more than 16 million people in forced labour and women and more than 9 million men.
        
        90% of forced labour is performed by businesses the rest is performed by states and rebel groups.
        
        It is estimated that forced labour within the private sector generates $150 billions of profit a year.
        
        56% of forced labour occurs within the Asia and the Pacific.
        
        The most common industries to use forced labour are agriculture/fishing and domestic work.
        
        In 2021 was the first year that forced labour was not used in cotton picking in Uzbekistan. In decades prioir millions of people were forced to pick cotton, this was enabled by the banning of NGOs monitoring it and the banning of unions forming.
        
        It is believed that hundreds of thousands of Uighurs are being used in forced labour camps in China to pick cotton or work in manufacturing.
        
        According to the ILO 52% of forced labour is whithin upper middle or high income countries.
      - Breaks article 3 of the UDHR as that gaurntees "everyone has the right to life, liberty and security".
      - Factors that infleunce global variations in forced labour:
        
        Economic issues
        
        Poverty
        
        Economic migration.
        
        Political issues
        
        Weak government failing to prevent forced labour.
        
        Conflict
        
        State sponsership of the practise.
        
        Social issues
        
        Gender inequality.
        
        Trafficking of people.
        
        Enviromental issues
        
        People fleeing climate change may get into debt.
        
        People may enter into debt from recovering from natural disasters.
    - - Maternal maternity -- this is the number of women that die giving birth or 42 days after the end of a pregnancy (birth or abortion). MMR is measured as the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
      - Every day 830 women die from preventable causes related to childbirth and pregancy.
      - Why women die giving birth
        
        Severe bleeding
        
        Infection
        
        Unsafe abortions
      - All these deaths are preventable and therefore they stray into human rights voilations.
      - Causes of maternal mortality
        
        Poor medical services (national problem).
        
        Poor access to medical services (spatial problem as this will mainly effect more rural areas in LIDCs and EDCs).
        
        Lack of education in family planing and pregancy.
        
        Culture.
        
        Poverty (women may not be able to afford to take all the time they need to recover off).
      - Differences in maternal mortality rates
        
        99% of maternal deaths are in developing countries, more than half of them occur in sub-Saharan Africa and one-third of them occur in South Asia.
        
        The highest is Sierra Leona woth a MMR of 1,100 per 100,000.
        
        Rural areas have a higher MMR then urban areas as it is harder to access medical services.
        
        Young girls are much more likely to die from giving birth due to their age.
        
        Women from developing countries have more children and this increases their chances of complications.
        
        Level of government commitment to dealing with MMR, this is closely linked to the culture of a country as more socially conservative countries are likely to be more apathetic to the situation.
      - Breaks the UDHR as it geos against the right to life enshrined in article 3.
    - - Capital punishment breaks the right to human life.
      - Over 579 people were exacuted in 2021.
      - It is a practise that is slowly declining.
        
        Only 29 out of the 50 US states use the death penalty now.
      - Infleunces on the global variation of capital punishment
        
        Differences between countries in the range and type of crimes for which it is imposed.
        
        How legal it is under law.
        
        Increase in the number of countries outlawing it.
        
        Reinstatment of the death penalty in some countries on the grounds of national security.
        
        Number of pardons granted to people about to be exacuted.
      - Breaks human rights as it contradicts article 3 and the UN general assembly has even called for an end to capital punishment.
- - - - Genocide
      - Damage to infaustructure (3 million children out of school in Syria).
      - Exploitation of vulnerable people.
  - - - People
        
        This includes the flow of:
        
        Aid workers
        
        Soliders/UN peacekeepers
        
        Politicans/political ideas
      - Money
        
        This includes the flow of:
        
        Funds to support operations.
        
        Aid
        
        Debt relief (from the World Bank and IMF).
      - Ideas
        
        This includes the flow of:
        
        NGOs can raise awarness on human rights issues (e.g. Human Rights Watch).
        
        International organistions can share infomation.
        
        The Office for the High Commissioner of Human Rights provides training and infomation for human rights.
      - Technology
        
        This includes the flow of:
        
        Social media has helped provide infomation for organistions on the ground.
        
        Mobile phones and the internet enables better communication.
        
        Remote sensing and drones enable the research of dangerous areas.
      - The effective flow of people, ideas, money and technology helps improve the efficacy of intervention; these flows need to combine government at all levels of government (both national and international).
  - - - The UN is at the core of promoting human rights through the creation of treaties and international agreements on them this is shown by one of the main aims of the UN being "reaffirm faith in fundemental human rights".
      - The UN has createwd and encrouged the adoption of many major human rights treaties such as the UDHR.
      - The UN has establisihed the Human Rights Council and the Security Council both of whom try and support human rights (sometimes with intervention).
      - Peacekeepers
        
        UN peacekeepers are deployed in areas of potential conflict or active conflict to protect groups at threat from human rights abuse or genrally to prevent conflict.
        
        Examples
        
        UN peacekeeping mission in Rwanada from 1993-1996 (failed to prevent ethnic cleasing and the Rwandan genocide).
        
        UN peacekeeping missions in the Congo during the 60s helped the government maintian order after gaining indepence (helping prevent civil war and infringements on the right to life).
        
        Pros and Cons
        
        Pros
        
        Can't prevent voilence.
        
        Can deter human rights abuses.
        
        Cons
        
        Can fail (e.g. Rwanadan genocide).
        
        Hard to deploy as it requires support from the UN security council (means that countries allied to one of the permant members can be protected).
        
        Peacekeepers are frequently deployed in impossible sitations where any action can be seen as having a negertive action (e.g. sit back and let it happen or get involved and possibly spark a wider conflict.
    - - In areas of conflict they work on the ground montiroring human rights abuses and helping to counter act them (Doctors without Borders providing medical care).
      - NGOs such as Amensty International work to highlight human rights abuses and use their high profile to draw public attention.
    - - Government's sign these and are meant to enforce them, they are only effective when governments chose to enforce them (making them only effective in democracies).
      - Many national human rights laws are based in treaties such as the UDHR and ECHR.
    - - Military force (either UN sanctioned or not) can be used to support human rights by preventing the infringement of human rights (e.g. airstrikes in Kosovo) or by regime change (e.g. Iraq).
  - - - Can stop ongoing voilence/human rights abuses (e.g. Kosovo)
      - Support in regards to healthcare and shelter can be provided through tempory hospitals and tempory accomdation.
    - - Can further voilence (e.g. Afghaniston and Iraq).
      - Economic snactions can make the situtation forces.
      - Military intervention can lead to the voilation of human rights through the destruction of schools and hospitals.
- - - - Education in developing countries usaully favours men, but part of the Millennium Develoment Goals was to improve female enrollement.
    - - In many developing countries women do not have the same access to employment as men. This is driven by:
        
        Social norms (many developing countries are culturally conservative).
        
        Culture/religion (this is the justification given in Afghanistan).
        
        Levels of governemnt support for the employment of women.
        
        Social acceptence of women as earners.
        
        Gender based job norms (what jobs should men and women do?).
        
        Discrimination by employers.
        
        Type of job sector.
    - - In 2022 the median gender pay gap in the UK was 9.7%.
  - - - Promote gender equality and empower women.
      - Improve maternal health (MMR has droped from 339/100,000 globally to 223/100,000).
  - - - Education in the developing world tends to favour men, for example in India girls send around 3 years in school and boys spend around 6 years.
      - In developed countries it is mostly equal with some countries, such as the UK, having women staying in education longer than men.
      - The MDG aimed to achieve universal primary education and although major progress has been made, in developed countries there remains problems.
        
        In South Asia there is a 9 point gap between the % of the female population in secondary school and % of male population in secondary school.
    - - Factors affecting female reproductive health in developing countries.
        
        Early forced marriage.
        
        High rates of young pregancies (around 20,000 girls under 18 give birth every day).
        
        STDs
        
        FGM
        
        Forced sterialistion/abortion.
        
        Sexual voilence.
        
        Poor education.
        
        Lack of women's rights in family planing.
    - - The Labour Force Participation Rate is an index used to show the number of women employed compared to the number of men employed.
        
        In a few countries (Malawi and Rwanada) the LFPR is higher then 1 meaning that there are more women in employment then men.
        
        In the UK it is 0.81.
        
        In Afghanistan it is 0.197 (however, this was before the Taliban takeover and it is now likely even closer to 0).
      - The higher the HDI the higher LFPR is going to be, but none of the most developed countries have reached parity.
      - Factors infleucing spatial differences
        
        Social norms.
        
        Cultural beliefs and practise.
        
        Levels of government and business support for child care.
        
        Level of safegaurds for equal employment.
        
        Social acceptence of women as bread winners.