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ENGELS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - form: affirmative
        
        infinitive without to
      - form: negative
        
        don’t (do not) + infinitive without to
    - - after the sounds [s, z, ζ, ∫] (= hissing sounds) the letters -es are pronounced [ɪz]
      - after other voiced sounds the letter -s is pronounced [z]
      - after the voiceless sounds [p, t, k, f] the letter -s is pronounced [s]
    - - nouns ending in a hissing sound (= s, ch, sh, x, z) = + es
      - Most nouns ending in -o are regular.
        But some nouns ending in -o = +es
      - nouns ending in a consonant + y = -ies
      - regular plural form = singular + s
      - Some nouns ending in -f / -fe = -ves
      - Some nouns have irregular plurals. Study the list above. Some nouns, e.g. scissors, are always plural. Study them carefully in your vocabulary list.
    - - form: negative
        
        I can’t
        
        I cannot
      - form: affirmative :
        
        She can
        
        We can
        
        He can
        
        You can
        
        You can
        
        They can
        
        I can
      - form: inversion questions
        
        Can you play the piano? Yes, I can.
        
        Can you speak Chinese? No, I can’t.
      - form: question word questions
        
        When can I interview you? Tomorrow.
    - - form: affirmative
        
        There is
        
        There ’s
        
        There are
        
        There are
      - form: negative
        
        There is no / isn’t a
        
        There are no / aren’t any or many
    - - form: question word questions
        
        How many gyms are there at this school? :
        There is one (gym).
        ‘s no gym.
        
        How many pupils/clubs are there at this school? :
        There are 2,000.
        aren’t any.
        are none.
      - form: inversion questions
        
        Is there : Yes, there is.
        No, there isn’t.
        No, there is not.
        
        Are there : Yes, there are.
        No, there aren’t.
        No, there are not.
    - - use: indefinite article
        
        We use the indefinite article a in front of a noun starting with a consonant (medeklinker) sound.
        
        We use the indefinite article an in front of a noun starting with a vowel (klinker) sound.
      - use: definite article
        
        In front of a vowel sound the is pronounced [ði].
        
        In front of a consonant sound the is pronounced [ðә].
  - - - form: affirmative statements
        
        She ’s got / has got
        
        We ’ve got / have got
        
        He ’s got / has got
        
        You ’ve got / have got
        
        You ’ve got / have got
        
        They ’ve got / have got
        
        I ’ve got / have got
      - form: negative statements
        
        She hasn’t got / has not got
        
        We haven’t got / have not got
        
        He hasn’t got / has not got
        
        You haven’t got / have not got
        
        You haven’t got / have not got
        
        They haven’t got / have not got
        
        I haven’t got / have not got
      - inversion questions
        
        Have you/they got any brothers?
        No, I haven’t./No, I have not.
        Yes, they have.
        
        Has he/she got any sisters?
        No, he hasn’t./No, he has not.
        Yes, she has.
      - question word questions
        
        How many family members has he/she got?
        He has got nine family members.
        She has got twelve family members.
        
        How many brothers/sisters have you/they got?
        I have got two brothers.
        They haven't got any sisters.
    - - personal pronouns (object)
        
        her
        
        it
        
        him
        
        us
        
        you
        
        you
        
        me
        
        them
      - possessive adjectives
        
        her family
        
        its family
        
        his family
        
        our family
        
        your family
        
        your family
        
        my family
        
        their family
      - personal pronouns (subject)
        
        she
        
        it
        
        he
        
        we
        
        you
        
        you
        
        I
        
        they
    - - plural noun + 's
      - plural noun ending in –s + '
      - singular noun / names + 's
  - - - from: affirmatieve
        
        she`s / she is
        
        it`s / it is
        
        he`s / he is
        
        we`re / we are
        
        you`re / you are
        
        you`re / you are
        
        I`m / I am
        
        they`re / they are
      - from: negatieve
        
        sheisn`t / she is not
        
        it isn`t / it is not
        
        he isn`t / he is not
        
        we aren`t / we are not
        
        you aren`t / you are not
        
        you aren`t / you are not
        
        they aren`t / they are not
        
        I`m not / I am not