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Psychopathology, hasn't been examined yet: …

- - - - relaxation = the therapist teaches the patient to relax deeply as possible which may involve breathing exercises or a mental imagery technique
        
        they can be taught to imagine themselves in relaxing situations
      - exposure = the patient is exposed to the phobic stimulus while in a relaxed state but has to take place over several sessions starting from the bottom of the list to the top
        
        when the patient can stay relaxed in the presence of the lower levels they will move up the hierarchy
      - the anxiety hierarchy = a list of situations related to the phobic stimulus that cause anxiety arranged in order from least to most frightening
- - - - when someone is depressed, they tend to focus on the negative aspects of the situation and ignore the positives
        
        tend to blow small problems out of proportion and think in black and white terms
    - - schema is a package of ideas and information developed through experience
        
        a negative schema is were we interpret all information about ourselves in a negative way
    - - a person may develop a dysfunctional view of themselves because of 3 types of thinking that occur
        a) negative view of the world = creates the impression that there is no hope anywhere
        b) negative view of the future = thoughts reduce any hopefulness and enhance depression
        c) negative view of the self = thoughts enhance any existing depressive feelings because they conform the existing emotions of low self-esteem
  - - - focus on situations in which irrational thoughts were triggered by external events
        
        we get depressed when we experience negative events and these trigger irrational beliefs
    - - we must always succeed or achieve perfection
        
        there is a belief that there is a major disaster whenever something doesn't go smoothly
    - - when an activating event triggers irrational beliefs there are emotional and behavioural consequences
        
        example = if you believe you must always succeed and then fail at something it can trigger depression
- - - - associating something which we have no fear over with something which triggers a feared response
        
        an unconditioned stimulus will create an unconditioned response
        
        when a neutral stimulus is faced with a unconditioned stimulus, the NS is associated with the US
        
        the NS is now the conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response
    - - a form of learning where behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences
        negative reinforcement = an individuals avoids a situation that is unpleasant because of the negative consequence of the behaviour
        positive reinforcement = a behaviour which results in a desired consequence will mean behaviour is repeated
        punishment = negative consequence stops the behaviour from being shown