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social influence, hasn't been examined yet: …
social influence
CONFORMITY: asch's study
procedure
- one board with the standard line, the other board comparison lines (one of the three comparison lines was the same length as standard line and the others were different
- ppt was asked to match lines
- 123 American male undergraduates who were place in a group with 6-8 confederates but were unaware of this
- confederates gave right answers then started to get them wrong to see if ppts would conform
findings
- the ppt gave a wrong answer 37% of the time
- overall 25% of the ppts didn't conform which means 75% conformed at least once
- ppts said after that they conformed to avoid rejection (NSI)
variations
group size - increased the group size by adding more confederates increasing majority. conformity increased with group size but only to a certain point levelling off at 3
unanimity - the extent to which all members agree, the majority was unanimous when all confederates selected the same line. great degree of conformity in ppts
task difficulty - more difficult when it becomes harder to work out the correct answer. conformity increased because ppts assume the majority is more likely to be right
types of conformity
internalisation
we take on the majority view because we accept it as correct, permanent change in behaviour
identification
we act in the same way with the group because we value it and want to be part of it, don't necessarily agree with everything
compliance
we go along with the majority view but privately disagree with it, behaviour only lasts as long as the group is with them
OBEDIENCE: milgram study
procedure
- 40 male ppts got advert through flyers in post - confederate was always the learner, ppts was the teacher , another confederate in a lab coat as the experimenter
- leaner strapped in a chair and wired up, each time they gave wrong answer they were shocked
- shocks started at 15 volts and went to 450 volts
- at 315 volts the learner gave extreme response but no further response was given, teacher looked at experimenter for guidance
- guidance was either please go on, experiment requires you to continue, essential you continue or no choice but to go on
findings
- no ppts stopped below 300 volts, 12.5% stopped at 300 volts, 65% stopped at 450 volts
- qualitative data was collected and observations showed ppts showing signs of extreme tension, many sweating, trembling, stuttering
- all ppts were debriefed and were assured their behaviour was normal
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minority influence
consistency - more effective if the minority keeps the same beliefs, both over time and between all the individuals in that group
commitment - more powerful if the minority demonstrates dedication to their position, they are not acting out of self-interest
flexibility - more effective if the minority shows flexibility by accepting the possibility of compromise
snowball effect
- starts with a minority view which builds upon itself, word gets out and it becomes bigger and bigger
- it changes behaviours of others and attitudes and finally becomes a majority view
social change
whole societies rather than just individuals, adopt new attitudes, beliefs and ways of doing things
Examples - women's suffrage, environmental issues and gay rights
- drawing attention
- consistency
- deeper processing
- augmentation principle
- snowball effect
- social cryptomnesia
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hasn't been examined yet:
- types of conformity
- variables affecting conformity (unanimity etc)
- Milgram
examined 2017:
- legitimate authority and agentic state
- situational variables
- dispositional explanations
examined 2022:
- situational variables
- social support and locus of control
- minority influence
Possibilities:
- types of conformity
- explanations of conformity
- variables affecting conformity
- conformity research
- obedience research
- authoritarian personality
- ethics in social research