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Social Psychology: How people affect one another and the power of the…
Social Psychology:
How people affect one another
and the power of the situation
Intrapersonal
Attitudes
: our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object
Affective+Behavioral+Cognitive (ABC)
Attitude change
Cognitive dissonance
:
discomfort with 2 or more
inconsistent attitudes, behaviors,
or cognitions
*Only conflicts that threaten
positive self image cause
dissonance
Changing cognitions
through rationalization
or denial
Adding a new cognition
Changing discrepant
behavior
Justification of
effort
: we value goals
and achievements we put a
lot of effort into
Persuasion
: changing
our attitude toward something
based on some kind of
communication
Elaboration Likelihood Model:
using a central vs peripheral route
of persuasion based on
source+content+audience
Central: direct; good when
message is strong
Peripheral: associate
positivity with the message
Foot-in-the-door technique
:
start with something small
and ask for more later
Yale Attitude Change Approach
:
source + content + audience influences
persuasiveness
Prejudice and discrimination
Distinctions
Discrimination
: action toward an
individual based on their membership
in a social group
Prejudice
: attitude or
feeling toward someone based
on membership in a social group
Stereotypes
: overgeneralized
beliefs about people
Types
Racism
Sexism
Ageism
Homophobia
Implicit vs explicit bias
Attribution theory
Situation + Disposition
Previously: social = situation
Personality = disposition
Now a combination of both
Fundamental
attribution error
(disposition vs situation;
individualistic cultures
Actor-observer bias
:
extension of FAE to
also account for our
own behavior
Self-serving bias
(context, stability, controllability):
internal attributions for success;
external attributions for failures
Just-world hypothesis
:
people get the outcomes
they deserve
Self presentation
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)
Social roles
: vary
across settings
Social norms
:
group's expectation
of what is appropriate
Scripts
: person's knowledge
of sequence of events expected
in a specific setting
Interpersonal
Social influence
: How we
influence one another
Groups
Motivation &
performance
Deindividuation
: anonymity
in a group which reduces
accountability and sense of self
Social loafing
: reduction in
individual outputs when
contributions are pooled
Social facilitation
: improved
performance when an
audience is watching
Decision making
Group polarization
: strengthening
of an original group attitude after
the discussion of views
within the group
Groupthink
: modifying our
opinions to align with what we
believe is the group's consensus
Obedience
: change of an
individual’s behavior to comply
with a demand by an authority figure
(Milgram, 1960s)
Conformity
: change in a
persons' behavior to go
along with the group, even if
they do not agree w/the group
Asch effect
: influence of the group
majority on the individual's judgement
(impacted by size, another dissenter,
private/public nature of responding
Compliance
: going along with a
request, even if you do not agree
Why we conform
Normative social influence
: conform
to group norms to fit in and be accepted
Informational social influence
: conform
because we think the group is
competent and has correct info
Aggression
Hostile aggression
: motivated
by feelings of anger w/intent
to cause pain
Instrumental aggression
: motivated
by achieving a goal and not necessarily
with intent to cause pain
Frustrated aggression theory
:
aggression is a result of frustration
from failing to achieve a goal
Bullying
: repeated
behavior with an intent to
inflict harm, injury, or humiliation
Cyberbullying
: typically covert, concealed,
done in private, and the bully can remain anonymous
Helping behavior
Bystander effect
: a phenomenon in which
a witness or bystander does not
volunteer to help a victim or person in distress.
How do bystanders
define emergencies?
Pluralistic ignorance
no one else is helping!
When do bystanders decide to take
responsibility to help?
Diffusion of responsibility
more people = less helping
How do costs/benefits of intervening
affect decisions to help?
Attraction
Forming relationships
Proximity
Mere-exposure effect
:
the more often we're
exposed to something, more
likely we are to view it positively
Similarity
homophily
Relationship needs/
maintenance
Reciprocity
Self-disclosure
Who do we find attractive?
Physical attractiveness
Social traits
Females: warmth, affection,
and social skills
Males: achievement, leadership
qualities, and job skills
Matching hypothesis:
we pick those we consider
equal to us in attractiveness
and social qualities
Types of love
Sternberg's Triangular
Theory of Love
Intimacy
Passion
Commitment