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Causes of the revolutions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Secret Police:
      - In an attempt to implement preventive security measures, Emperor Alexander III ( r. 1881–1894) immediately set up two more Security and Investigation (охранно-розыскные) secret police stations. They are supervised by Gendarme officers in Moscow and Warsaw; they became the basis of the later Okhrana.
      - Bloody Sunday
      - Bloody Sunday started off as a peaceful protest outside the tsar's palace. People were chanting hymns and were holding up religious icons and pictures of the tsar.
      - Supression of the people
      - The tsar got scared and fled, and called his army to take care of the protestors. The army opened fire on the protestors, turning it into a massacre.
      - October Manifesto
      - The October Manifesto, officially "The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order", is a document that served as a precursor to the Russian Empire's first Constitution. It was adopted the following year in 1906. The manifesto suggested reforms in three core areas: the civil rights and freedoms of all people; elections for a State Duma with a universal franchise; and the operation of the Duma as the body through which all state laws must pass.
  - - - The white revolution:
        The Shah's White Revolution, which was a series of social and economic reforms aimed at modernizing Iran, but ultimately resulted in increased poverty and inequality.
      - The Shah's close ties to the United States and other Western powers, which were seen as interfering in Iran's internal affairs and supporting the repressive regime.
      - The influence of Islamic fundamentalism, which was on the rise in Iran and around the world in the late 1970s.
    - - When Rasputin supposedly managed to stop a bad bleeding episode in 1908, through prayer, the Tsarina fell under his spell.
      - Rasputin became “Our Friend” to the Romanov family, and was summoned whenever Alexei needed faith healing.
      - In 1912, the Prince’s condition deteriorated so badly that he received the last sacrament. On hearing the news, Rasputin sent a telegram to Alexandra, reading: “The little one will not die. Do not allow the doctors to bother him too much.” Alexei recovered, Rasputin’s bond with the royals strengthened and his name spread throughout Russia.
- - - - • Overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of an Islamic Republic
      - • Nationalization of industries and redistribution of land
      - • Increase in political and social freedoms for women and minorities
      - • Hostage crisis at the US embassy in Tehran
      - • War with Iraq and economic sanctions imposed by the international community
      - • Shift towards a more conservative and religiously oriented government
      - • Suppression of political opposition and dissent
      - • Increase in anti-Western sentiment and tensions with the United States and other Western countries.