Causes of the revolutions
Russian
Russian:
The Cause: Unrest in the political, economic, and social areas as well as other elements all contributed to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Poverty, food shortages, and inflation were problems the nation was experiencing, which made the populace more and more dissatisfied. Protests and strikes in Petrograd that demanded political reform and the end of the war with Germany led to the February Revolution of 1917. When the government violently reacted to the protesters, soldiers and workers joined them, and eventually the government was overthrown. A temporary administration was established as a result of this, but it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution.
Long term:
Short term:
Short Term:
The Russian Revolution was caused by a variety of factors, including an unfair and undemocratic government, bad working and living conditions for much of the population, political, social, and economic discontent among the people, and the strain of World War I on the weak government and economy of Russia. Along with this, there was criticism of Tsarist policies by provincial Zemstvas, nationalism among Russia's population, and threats to the monarchy from the middle class. This led to a growing sense of discontent and frustration among the Russian people, ultimately culminating in a successful revolution in 1917 in which the former monarchy was overthrown and a socialist government was established.
click to edit
The “Povolzhye famine” reached its worst in 1922
This caused much unimaginable pain and suffering to the soviet people
Hunger is a chronic disease in Russia, and aggravation of permanent malnutrition
From the 11th to the 16th century the average of failed harvests was 8 were recorded every hundred years. Later, in the 18th century, there were as many as 34 cases of particularly bad harvests in Russian agriculture, and in the 19th century, there were even more.
Russia has had many droughts throughout its time but the effects were amplified by the government. The lack of technological advancements in this department allowed for less efficient farming since it was done purely by hand. But there were still many droughts, for example in 1921 they received just 0.3 millimeters of rain.
Poverty
Because the breaking economy and droughts caused many to be poor and lead into poverty, along with the lack of military power and weapons allowed for great losses in WW1 and many saw Nicholas to be a bad leader.
Long Term:
click to edit
Bad working and living conditions for the majority of the population.
Secret Police:
In an attempt to implement preventive security measures, Emperor Alexander III ( r. 1881–1894) immediately set up two more Security and Investigation (охранно-розыскные) secret police stations. They are supervised by Gendarme officers in Moscow and Warsaw; they became the basis of the later Okhrana.
Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday started off as a peaceful protest outside the tsar's palace. People were chanting hymns and were holding up religious icons and pictures of the tsar.
Supression of the people
The tsar got scared and fled, and called his army to take care of the protestors. The army opened fire on the protestors, turning it into a massacre.
October Manifesto
The October Manifesto, officially "The Manifesto on the Improvement of the State Order", is a document that served as a precursor to the Russian Empire's first Constitution. It was adopted the following year in 1906. The manifesto suggested reforms in three core areas: the civil rights and freedoms of all people; elections for a State Duma with a universal franchise; and the operation of the Duma as the body through which all state laws must pass.
An undemocratic government that was neither fair nor effective
Mohammed Shah
• Overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of an Islamic Republic
• Nationalization of industries and redistribution of land
• Increase in political and social freedoms for women and minorities
• Hostage crisis at the US embassy in Tehran
• War with Iraq and economic sanctions imposed by the international community
• Shift towards a more conservative and religiously oriented government
• Suppression of political opposition and dissent
• Increase in anti-Western sentiment and tensions with the United States and other Western countries.
Political, social, and economic discontent among the people, including resentment towards the autocracy.
Rasputin
The strain of World War I on the weak government and economy of Russia.
Criticism of Tsarist policies by provincial Zemstvas.
The white revolution:
The Shah's White Revolution, which was a series of social and economic reforms aimed at modernizing Iran, but ultimately resulted in increased poverty and inequality.
Nationalism among Russia's population.
Threats to the monarchy from the middle class.
Relevant people
Tsar Nicholas II
click to edit
The Shah's close ties to the United States and other Western powers, which were seen as interfering in Iran's internal affairs and supporting the repressive regime.
Vladimir Lennin
When Rasputin supposedly managed to stop a bad bleeding episode in 1908, through prayer, the Tsarina fell under his spell.
Rasputin became “Our Friend” to the Romanov family, and was summoned whenever Alexei needed faith healing.
In 1912, the Prince’s condition deteriorated so badly that he received the last sacrament. On hearing the news, Rasputin sent a telegram to Alexandra, reading: “The little one will not die. Do not allow the doctors to bother him too much.” Alexei recovered, Rasputin’s bond with the royals strengthened and his name spread throughout Russia.
The influence of Islamic fundamentalism, which was on the rise in Iran and around the world in the late 1970s.
Leon Trotsky
relevant people
Tsar Nicholas II
Vladamir Lenon
Leon Trotsky
Grigory Rasputin
Alexander Kerensy
Bolshevik Party
Petrograd Soviet
Red Army