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Research Methodology - Coggle Diagram
Research Methodology
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Philosophical approach
Constructivism: It maintains that social actors attach subjective meanings to their experiences. According to them, social reality is not objective or fixed but shaped through an individuals experiences. (qualitative & inductive)
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Interpretivism: Finding an exhaustive understanding of the causes producing events and situations in a single case or limited number of cases. Gives a thorough and full explanation (idiographic) on a microlevel. (qualitative and inductive)
Positivism: Puts science at its core rather than rationality. Research should be objective to examine social reality, which is also objective (Quantitative, and based on deduction)
Its criticism: Objectivity can never fully be reached. Knowledge is subjective, and data depends on the relation between knower and known. Scientific method is also a social construct and not objective.
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Research Proposal
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Structure
- Literature Review (Analysing, Evaluating and creating = Critical part!) - Branching for example, where we place a seed in one book or article, and find others cited in it. Problems 1) Not narrowing it down, 2) Getting lost
- Research Questions & Hypotheses
- Research Problem (Purpose of the study, aims and objectives)
- Methods (techniques to collect data, sampling or not)
- Introduction (boundaries of what we'll do)
- Assumptions (statements that cannot be proven empirically) & Limitations
- Title, Abstract, Keywords
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Research Process (circular process, as there may be potential back-loops down the road)
Data Collection
- Sampling (when the universe is too large, we just collect data about a subset of its population)
- Actual collection of data via different techniques (questionnaire etc)
- Definition of the universe (entirety of different units)
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Problem
- Narrow it down and define the problem
- Review the existing literature
- Hypothesis Foundation (expectations)
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- Methodology (data we will use)
Action
- Distribute the information
- Implement the changes that follow from your findings
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Research Strategies
Qualitative: wants to find regularities, and it processes data in form of numbers and codes, focused on a macro level
Mixed - Both quantitative & qualitative - E.g. Triangulation, aims at finding same findings through different sources.
Quantitative: wants to understand things via text, focuses on a micro level, and wants a thorough understanding of the cases - Informal, systematic sampling, no generalisation.
Research Ethics
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In Practice:
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Confidentiality: Informations of participants will not be shared, notes under lock & key and no gossip
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Different sources
Secondary: Interpreate, analyse or evaluate primary ones
Primary: First-hand narratives, original documents / objects or factual accounts (original)