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Approaches - Coggle Diagram
Approaches
biological approach
Genetic basis
Twin studies = used to determine the likelihood that certain traits have a genetic basis by comparing concordance rates
- Monozygotic (identical) twins are found to have a higher concordance rate than dizygotic (non-identical) twins
- MZ twins share 100% of each others gene, whereas DZ twins only share 50%
genotype
set of genes that a person possesses, actual genetic makeup
- identical twins will have the same genes but their phenotype can be different
phenotype
the characteristics of a person determined by both genes and the environment
- physical, behavioural and psychological characteristics
Evolution
theory of natural selection = any genetically determined behaviour that enhances an individuals survival will continue in future generations
- farmers will use this when they are deciding what animals to use for breeding
- they select the ones with desirable characteristics
cognitive approach
- we have internal mental processes that should be scientifically studied
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Schema
- a mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing
- developed from experiences
- enable us to process lots of information quickly and is useful as a mental short cut
example = we have a schema for a chair, it has legs and we can sit on it
- babies are born with a simple motor schema for innate behaviours such as sucking and grasping
- our schemas become more detailed and sophisticated as we get older and we develop mental representations of everything
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social learning theory
vicarious reinforcement
- occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour
- the person may imitate this behaviour based on if what they have seen has been rewarded or punished
4 mediational processes
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Motivation
the will to perform the behaviour, which is often determined by whether the behaviour was rewarded or punished
Identification
- people are more likely to imitate the behaviour of people who they see as role models
- role model = someone who possesses similar characteristics to the observer or have a higher status
psychodynamic approach
role of the unconscious
- the part of the mind that we are unaware of but continues to direct a lot of out behaviour
- contains threatening and disturbing memories that have been repressed
- they can be accessed through dreams and the slip of the tongue
structure of personality
ID: unconscious part of our mind where the selfish aggressive instincts are made
- Freud says that the id is present at birth but throughout life its selfish
EGO: the reality check that balances the conflicting demands of the id and the superego
- develops around the age of 2 and manages the defence mechanisms
SUPEREGO: the moralistic part of our personality represents the ideal self
- formed at the end of the phallic stage at the age of 5
- it internalises our sense of what is right and wrong
psychosexual stages
Oral stage (0-1 years) = focuses of pleasure is the mouth, mothers breast is the desired
object
consequence of unresolved conflict = smoking, biting nails, sarcastic
Anal stage (1-3 years) = focus of pleasure is the anus, child gains pleasure withholding and expelling faeces
consequence of unresolved conflict = perfectionist, messy, thoughtless
Phallic stage (3-5 years) = focus of pleasure is the genital area
consequence of unresolved conflict = reckless, possibly homosexual
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Genital = sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty
consequence of unresolved conflict = difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
humanistic approach
Free will
- people make their own choices and aren't determined by biological or external forces
- we are active agents who have the ability to determine our own development
self - actualisation
- realising what you are capable of doing and everyone has an innate tendency to achieve their full potential
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- personal growth is an essential part of what humans need and develop a person to become fulfilled
Maslow's hierarchy of needs:
Top - self actualisation
- self esteem
- love and belongingness
- safety and security
Bottom - physiological needs
the self, congruence and conditions of worth
- personal growth can be achieved by an individuals concept of self to be equivalent to congruence with their ideal self
Congruence = when the self concept and then idea self are seen to match
Conditions of worth = when a parent places limitations or boundaries on their love of their children
example = I will only love you if you study medicine
behaviourist approach
Pavlov's research
classical conditioning
- learning through association
- the use of dogs to be conditioned to salivate to the sound of the bell if it was presented at the same time as they were given food
before conditioning:
food = unconditioned stimulus --> salivation = unconditioned response
before conditioning:
bell = neutral stimulus --> no salivation = unconditioned response
during conditioning:
bell + food = unconditioned + neutral stimulus --> salivation = unconditioned response
after conditioning:
bell = conditioned stimulus --> salivation = conditioned response
Skinners research
operant conditioning
- learning is an active process where humans and animals operate on their environment
Positive reinforcement = receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed
Negative reinforcement = occurs when a person/animal avoids something unpleasant
Punishment = an unpleasant consequence of behaviour
- conducted research on rats - every time the rat activated the lever in the box they would be rewarded with a food pellet
- rat would continue to perform this way
- different lever would be activated by the rat with an electric shock
- rat would start to avoid this unpleasant stimulus as learned that it produced an unpleasant response