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glycolysis, Disaccharide breakdown(需加水), 產生ATP, 有關phospho-,…

- - - - 先被galactokinase變成glactose-1-P，再被galactose-1-P uridyl transferase變UDP-galactose。UDP-glucose + galactose-1-P -> UDP-galactose + glucose-1-P，UDP-glatose再用UDP-glucose-4-epimerase變回UDP-glucose重複使用
        
        glucose-1-P
    - - 不同階段的酵素缺乏
  - - - F6P
  - - - glucose
  - - - 透過HK變成F6P
        
        F6P
    - - F1P pathway
        
        先被fructokinase變成F1P，再被alsolase變成DHAP + glyceraldehyde
        
        glyceraldehyde可透過triose kinase變成G3P
        
        DHAP & G3P
        
        fructokinase不受ATP調控
        
        能量生成
        
        fatty acid & trupleglyceride biosynthesis
        
        肥胖
      - 當glucose夠多時，HK不會和fructose結合
    - - GLUT 5
  - - - G6P
  - - - DHAP
- - - - 先用pyruvate carboxylase變acetylaldehyde &丟出一個CO2，再alcohol dehydrogenase
    - - lactate dehydrogenase
  - - - (+)glycosis的7種enzyme
        
        especialy 1.Hexokinase 2.PHI 10.pyruvate kinase
      - (+)VEGF(vascular endothelial growth factor)
        
        應付muscle cell的無氧環境
        
        癌細胞快速增生的方式
        
        warburg effect
        
        Angiogenesis
- - - - IV又稱Glucokinase, 不受G3P濃度調控
        
        kindney: 合成G6P->pyruvate作為glucose sensor，ATP多時會阻斷K+通開啟Ca2+通，使insulin分泌
        
        Hepotocyte: 合成G6P，用於合成肝醣儲存，維持[glucose]恆定
      - isomerase: 同功異構酶
      - Glucose被glucose transporters送入胞內後HK將其phosphoryation (ATP)避免逃出胞外，生成ADP + H+
      - 構型因和ATP&Mg2+結合而活化
      - I, II, III受到G6P濃度調控: [G6P]高，inhibit HK
    - - 透過Mg+的參與在F6P與G6P之間做轉換，F6P才可以在1-C上phosphate
      - 要開環，有一個enediol intermediate
      - 生成F6P
    - - commit steps: phosphorylation(ATP)確保真的要走glycolysis(否則F6P可以跑回去變成G6P)
      - F6P -> 1,6-FBP(fructose 1,6-biphosphate)，生成ADP + H+
    - - bi-是有兩個C就好，di-是要相連的C
      - 將FBP切成DHAP(Dihydroxyacetone phosphate) + G3P
    - - Kcat/Km超大: 接近酵素催化效率的極致(一碰到就催化)
      - alpha-beta barrel
      - DHAP -> G3P(統一化)
  - - - G3P -> G2P
      - mutase: migration of a functional group within a substrate
    - - G2P -脫水-> phosphoenolpyruveta (PEP)(產一H2O)
      - PEP: 高高能分子，可推動ATP合成
    - - 透過Mg+的參與，1-C的P使ADP->ATP，留下G3P
      - substrate-level phosphorylation
    - - PEP丟一P給ADP，生成pyruvate和ATP
      - substrate-level phosphorylation
    - - 將G3P加上一個inorganic phosphate，變成1,3-BPG，同時時放的電子使NAD+ -> NADH(高能階，可產ATP)
- - - - 細胞質才有的酵素，若OAA無法直接穿越mito，會先被mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase
    - - pyruvate被加上一個bicarbonate，需要biotin的參與
      - mito裡才有的酵素，要送進mito裡
- - - - F26BP缺乏，inhibit glycolysis