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Halogenoalkanes, Alcohols, nucleophile - a species with a lone pair of…
Halogenoalkanes
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classified as 1°, 2° or 3°
3° most reactive, then 2°, then 1°
this is due to the inductive effect - the more alkyl groups, the more the halogen is pushed away from the atom ∴ easier it is lost
mechanisms
SN1 mechanisms
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2 step process (rate determining step where C-X bond breaks, and fast step where carbocation is attacked by nucleophile
Substitution, Nucleophilic, 1 species to start with
SN2 mechanisms
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Substitution, Nucleophilic, 2 species to start with
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reactivity
also determined by which halogen is present:
- rate of reaction: iodo > bromo > chloro > fluoro
- due to strength of C-X bond:
C-I bond is weakest due to large radius
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nucleophile - a species with a lone pair of electrons that is used to form a covalent bond with the δ+ atom in another molecule
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