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Biology {Genetic Engineering & Cloning} - Coggle Diagram
Biology {Genetic Engineering & Cloning}
Genetic Modification
3- These ends of the desired genes and the vector are joined together using DNA ligase making the recombinant DNA
2- A vector is cut with the same restriction enzymes making complementary sticky ends.
1- The desired gene is isolated from the organism through the use of restriction enzymes that cut specific sites creating sticky ends
Defintions
genetic engineering
- modification of DNA in an organism
recipient organism
- shows characteristics of the donor organism
donor organism
- DNA taken to the recipient organism
recombinant DNA
- DNA inserted into the GMO
transgenic organism
- contains genetic information from different species e.g E.coli bacteria
vector
- vehicle used to artificially carry foreign DNA into another cell (plasmid or virus)
GMOs in Food
Advantages: combat starvation, nutritional deficiencies, defend against pests, disease and harsher growing conditions to increase growing seasons, reduce use of herbicides and pesticides (better for environment),
Disadvantages: leads to decrease in biodiversity as fewer weds would survive when competing with crop space, animals would loss food sources and habitat, contaminate natural crops: unknown side-effects, seeds from large agrochemical companies are sold at high prices
Making insulin
Virus
infects host organism and force host to adopt GM trait
Cloning in Animals
Embryo transplant
genetically identical offspring from parent
Adult Cell Cloning (Dolly the Sheep)
Take cell from donor organism and take out nucleus from cell
Remove nucleus from egg cell and insert nucleus from donor cell into it
This is given a tiny electric shock to fuse the egg cell and the nucleus
This is then placed into the foster mother's uterus and the embryo divides into a foetus and eventually a full blown organism that is genetically identical to the donor organism
The cell divides normally by mitosis into an embryo
Cloning in Plant
Cuttings
quick and cheap but slow
Asexual reproduction using mitosis '1 parent' genetically identical (no mixing of genetic information) no gametes
Micropropagation : :
expensive and difficult but large quantity (faster)
Small parts of the parent tissue taken from plant cell
Place into sterile nutrient-rich agar jelly in plate with plant hormones to stimulate cell division (mitosis)
Cells grow rapidly into small masses of tissue
Add plant hormones to encourage root and stem growth (auxin)
Transfer plantlets (explants) to potted trays with optimum pH, water, and CO2 levels.
Disadvantages
less genetic variation, vulnerable to same disease, requires sterile lab facilities, vulnerable pests
Advantages
: produce large quantity quickly, grow roots all year round, genetic modification, grow rare and endangered plants, pest and disease free
Nitrogen Cycle
First, nitrogen gas in air is converted into nitrates through lightning which provides enough energy for nitrogen to react with oxygen or nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil/roots of legumes.
Next, plants can absorb these nitrates and use them to make proteins to grow and develop. Animals eat plants and nitrates flow along food chains.
Then, plants die and decay, animals also die and excrete waste products. Decomposers break down organic matter and decomposition returns nitrogen to soil as ammonium ions.
After that, nitrogen-fixing bacteria make ammonia ions into nitrates again.
Finally, denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen gas and the cycle continues.
Air Pollution
Greenhouse Gases List
Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, CFCs, and sulfur dioxide
Acid Rain
fossil fuels burnt releases sulfur and oxygen reacting sulfure dioxide releases raising pH of rain to 5 impacting aquatic life and damaging plants.
