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Chap 10: Interpersonal Attractions - Coggle Diagram
Chap 10: Interpersonal Attractions
Predictors
Shared characteristics
Similarity
Examples
Demographics
Eg. rural background
Attitudes and
Values
Eg. political and
religious views
Personality
Interests &
Activities
similar people seek
out similar situations
Share new common
experiences as a result
New similarities lead
to stronger friendships
Appearance
drawn to people who
physically resemble us
Genetics
Participants as genetically similar to
friend as great^3 grandparent
Possible result of befriending people
living in close proximity
Certain genetic predispositions may
lead people to engage in similar activities
Athletic build
Good lung capacity
provides
social validation
of one's values and attitudes when others share them
perceived similarity
a better predictor
of attraction than
actual similarity
Less important in low commitment relationships
one night stands
hook ups
Propinquity
MIT
Results
65%
of friends lived in same building
Residents staying near mailboxes
or staircases had more upstairs friends
Propinquity relies
on
functional distance
Mere Exposure
Effect
"
repeated exposure to a stimulus increases familiarity which elicits liking
"
if person is obnoxious
increased exposure leads to
increased dislike for the person
Chinese
Characters
Results
Americans guessed more positive meanings
for words shown more frequently
Americans were asked to guess the
meanings of series of Chinese words
principle that underlies
advertising
facilitate
prejudice
reduction
Reciprocal
Liking
Procedure
Presented series of opposite-sex
faces to participants
Participants were to click when
geometrical shape appeared
Half told to imagine crush
had feelings for them
Results
Participants imagining crush having feelings for them did not look longer at attractive faces
Playing hard
to get strategy
increases
how much person
wants
to be with you
decreases
how much
person
likes
you
Personal characteristics
Target characteristics
Physical
Attractiveness
Importance to
first impressions
Physical attractiveness was overriding
determinant that decided attraction levels
Gender Differences
men and women fairly similar in
responses to physical attractiveness
men more likely to
say
physical
attractiveness is important to them
Cultural Differences
cross-cultural agreement for
what constitutes an attractive face
Symmetry
indicators of good health
and good genes
Composite
photographs
features of average size
Combined 32 faces into a composite with mathematical average of features
Associations
Beirut hospital
Results
physical attractiveness significantly
predicted health outcomes of infants
neonatal nurses responded more to
attractive infants and provided better care
higher salary
attractive professors tended to receive
higher student evaluation ratings
more votes in elections
Halo Effect :angel:
perceiving one :heavy_plus_sign: trait in someone increases likelihood of believing person possesses other :heavy_plus_sign: traits
tendency to associate attractiveness with other positive qualities
What is beautiful is good
Social competence
receive more attention which enables
them to develop good social skills
self-fulfilling prophecy
extraversion
popular
friendly
some differences that reflect
values important to different cultures
personal strength for
individualistic cultures
integrity and care for others
in collectivist cultures
Evolution and
mate preferences
Evolutionary
Theories
Costly for :womens:
pain and risks
of childbirth
discomforts
of pregnancy
limited sex cells
usually assume primary responsibility for child raising
Reproductive success
successfully raising
offspring to maturity
Low cost, short-term
investment for :mens:
cannot personally understand discomforts and risks of pregnancy and childbirth
not concerned with age
limitless sex cells
Reproductive
success
having large quantity
of progeny
Buss
:mens: respond to physical
appearance of :womens:
age and health signal
reproductive fitness
:womens: respond to resources
and social power of :mens:
Resources needed to pay
costs of raising offspring
Results
Top qualities were honesty, pleasant personality and trustworthiness
Love
Companionate
feelings of affection or intimacy for another
not accompanied by
physiological arousal
Passionate
intense longing for another accompanied by physical arousal
feel great fulfilment and ecstasy when things are :+1:
feel great sadness and despair when things are :-1:
Sternberg's
Triangular Theory
Intimacy
"
feelings of closeness
and connectedness
"
Companionate Love
Liking
Passion
"
physical attraction and sexual drives
"
Romantic love
Infatuation
Fatuous Love
Commitment
over time
Empty Love
Cultural Differences
Individualistic
romantic love
an important basis for marriage
decision on who to date or marry is
highly personal
:flag-us: couples value
passionate love
more than :flag-cn: couples
Collectivist
romantic love less emphasised
decision must consider wishes of family or other group members
:flag-cn: couples value
companionate love
more than :flag-us: couples
Attachment Styles
Secure
experience highest level of
commitment
and
satisfaction
with relationships
Insecure
Shortest-lived
romantic relationships
Fastest to enter relationships before even knowing partner well
Acquired marriage licenses after the shortest courtship
Avoidant
Least likely to
enter relationship
maintain emotional distance and have lowest level of
commitment
to relationships
Most likely to report never being in love
Biological
Ventral Tegmental Area
Caudate nucleus
reward circuit that activates when
engaging in rewarding behaviour
Relationship
Satisfaction
Social Exchange
Theory :moneybag:
relationship satisfaction depends on perceptions of
Rewards
:moneybag:
Costs
Comparison Level (CL)
"
Beliefs
and
expectations
about rewards and costs of relationship
"
result of experiences
with past relationships
:chart_with_upwards_trend: CL
Expect :chart_with_upwards_trend: rewards
and :chart_with_downwards_trend: costs
:chart_with_downwards_trend: CL
Expect :chart_with_downwards_trend: rewards
and :chart_with_upwards_trend: costs
Comparison Level
for Alternatives (CLalt)
"Probability of finding
better relationship"
:chart_with_upwards_trend: CLalt
believe there are many great
people willing to meet them
more likely to leave current
relationship for new friendships or lovers
:chart_with_downwards_trend: CLalt
believe current relationship not great but better than alternatives outside
more likely to stay
in current relationship
Investment model
of Commitment :money_with_wings:
Determinants of
Commitment
Satisfaction
comparing rewards and costs
deciding if outcome exceeds
comparison level
Quality of
alternatives
Investment
Examples
Tangible objects like money :money_with_wings:, property :house_buildings:, possessions
Intangibles
Emotional welfare
of children
Emotional energy and time
already invested in rs
damage to personal
integrity upon divorce
"
resources invested in a relationship
that will be lost upon leaving it
"
commitment
is deciding factor in staying / leaving rather than
satisfaction
Equity Theory :scales:
"
happiest relationships are those where rewards and costs are equal for both parties
"
Inequitable
Relationships
One feels
over-benefited
while other feels
under-benefited
both individuals motivated
to
restore equity
Equity is
powerful
social norm
Over-benefited person feels guilty
from receiving more than the other
Exchange
Relationships
New acquaintances or
strangers
strict reciprocity is expected
accounting of costs
and benefits
Communal
Relationships
Families, lovers, close friends
governed by desire to help each
other in response to other's needs
keeping track not priority
concept of equity is
more relaxed
Breakup
Stages of
Breakup
Intrapersonal
Dyadic
Social
Intrapersonal
recovery from breakup
forming internal account of why
and how breakup occured
honest internal account often contrasts greatly from official account
"
individual announces
breakup to others
"
Gossip
create face-saving
narratives
"
individual discusses separation with partner
"
attempting repair
and reconciliation
face dilemma of avoid / confront
and confront partner
negotiate and discuss relationship
"
when individual thinks a lot about dissatisfaction with relationship
"
Studied by Duck
Troubling
Behaviours
Destructive :hammer:
Actively harming
the relationship
Passively allowing relationship to deteriorate
Constructive :building_construction:
passively remaining loyal
actively seeking to
improve relationship
Differences in
personality
Contrasting qualities that were initially so attractive were same reasons for breakup