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CHAPTER 2: C0MPUTER HARDWARE, How a hard disk works, storage device that…

- - - - *PORTABLE MEDIA PLAYER
        
        Mobile devices on which you can store,organize,and play or view digital media.
        
        *E-BOOK READER
        
        Short for electronic book reader
        
        Used primarily for reading e-books and other digital publications.
        
        *GAME DEVICES
        
        -Game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or multiplayer video games.
        
        A handheld game device is a small mobile device that contains a screen,speakers,controls and game console all in one unit.
        
        Include gamepads,joysticks,wheelss,dance pads and a variety of motion-sensing controllers.
        
        Game Devices
  - - - -MAINFRAME-
        A mainframe is a large , expensive, powerful server that can be handle hundreds pr thousands of connected users simultaneously
        -SUPERCOMPUTERS-
        A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer- and the most expensive
    - - •Refers to an environment of servers that house
        •Provide access to resources users access through the internet
        
        CLOUD COMPUTING
- - - - • Keyboard
        
        -Keys you press to enter data and instructions into a computer or mobile device
        -There are a variety of keyboard options for mobile
        computers and devices
        
        Function:
        • Typing area
        • Function keys
        • Toggle key
        • Navigation keys
        • Media control buttons
        • Internet control buttons
        • Other special keys
        
        Ergonomic keyboard
        
        -An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces
        the chance of repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) of wrist and hand
        
        Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and
        safety in the design of the workplace
      - • Pointing devices
        
        A pointer is a small symbol on the screen whose location
        and shape change as a user moves a pointing device
        • A mouse is a pointing device that fits under the palm of
        your hand comfortably
        – Optical mouse, laser mouse, and touch mouse
        
        Touch Mouse
        
        Laser Mouse
        
        Touch Pad
        
        Trackball
      - • Touch screens
        
        touch-sensitive display
      - • Pen input
        
        With pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on
        a flat surface to write, draw, or make selections
        -Stylus or digital pen
        
        A graphics tablet, also called a digitizer, is an
        electronic plastic board that detects and converts
        movements of a style or digital pen into signals that
        are sent to the computer.
      - • Motion input
        
        motion input, sometimes called gesture
        recognition, users can guide on-screen elements using air gestures
      - • Voice input
        
        • Voice input is the process of entering input by
        speaking into a microphone
        • Voice recognition, also called speech recognition, is the computer or mobile device’s capability of
        distinguishing spoken words
      - • Video input
        
        Video input is the process of capturing full-
        motion images and storing them on a computer
        or mobile device’s storage medium
        
        A webcam is a type of DV camera that enables a user to:
        • Capture video and still images
        • Send email messages with video attachments
        • Broadcast live images or video over the Internet
        • Conduct videoconferences
        • Make video calls
        
        • A videoconference is a meeting between two or
        more geographically separated people
      - • Scanners and reading devices
        
        • A scanner is a light-sensing input device that reads printed text and
        graphics and then translates the results into a form the computer can
        process
        – A flatbed scanner works in a manner similar to a copy machine except it
        creates a file of the document in memory instead of a paper copy
        
        • An optical reader is a device that uses a light source to read characters,
        marks, and codes and then converts them into digital data that a computer
        can process
        – Optical character recognition (OCR)
        – Optical mark recognition (OMR)
        
        • A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner
        uses laser beams to read bar code.
        
        • A QR code stores information in both a vertical and horizontal direction.
        
        • RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate
        with a tag placed in or attached to an object
        • An RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves
        • RFID can track:
        – Tracking times of runners in a marathon
        – Tracking location of people and other items
        – Checking lift tickets of skiers
        – Gauging temperature and pressure of tires on a vehicle
        -Checking out library books
        -Managing purchases
        -Tracking payment as vehicles pass through booths on tollway systems.
        
        Magstripe readers read the magnetic stripe on the back of
        cards such as:
        • Credit cards
        • Entertainment cards
        • Bank cards
        • Identification cards
        • Other similar cards
        
        • MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text
        printed with magnetized ink
        • An MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the
        computer can process
        • Banking industry uses MICR for check processing
        
        • A data collection device obtains data directly at the location where the transaction or event takes place.
- - - - LCD monitor
        
        Monitor display
        
        Laptop display
        
        Digital camera display
        
        Navigation camera display
        
        Handheld camera display
        
        Smartphone display
    - - Resolution
      - Response time
      - Brightness
      - Dot pitch
      - Contrast ratio
    - - DVI port
      - HDMI port
      - Display port
    - - Digital television (DTV)
      - HDTV
      - Smart TV
  - - - Ink-jet printers
        
        forms characters and graphics by
        spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper
        
        -Color or black-and-white
        
        -Speed is measured by the number of pages per minute
        (ppm) it can print
      - Photo printer
        
        A photo printer is a color printer that produces lab-
        quality photos
        
        -use many ink-jet technology
      - Laser printer
        
        a printer linked to a computer producing good-quality printed material by using a laser to form a pattern
        
        -high quality
        
        black white and color
        
        -high speed
      - All in one printer
        
        An all-in-one printer is a single device that prints,
        scans, copies, and in some cases, faxes
        
        -Also called a multifunction printer
      - 3-D printer
        
        A 3-D printer uses a process called additive manufacturing to create an object by adding material to a three-dimensional object, one horizontal layer at a time
      - Thermal printer
        
        A thermal printer generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against the heat-sensitive paper
      - Mobile printer
        
        A mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows a mobile user to print from
        a mobile device
      - Label printer
        
        A label printer is a small printer that prints on an adhesive-type material that can be placed on a variety of items
      - Plotters
        
        Plotters are used to produce high-quality drawings
        
        Large-format printers create photo-realistic quality
        color prints
      - Impact printer
        
        Impact printers form characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper
- - - - SSD (solid state drive) = flash memoy
        storage device that contains its own
        processor to manage its storage
        
        advantages over traditional
        (magnetic) hard disks :
        
        faster access times
        
        faster transfer rates
        
        quieter operation
        
        more durable
        
        lighter weight
        
        less power consumption
        
        less heat generation
        
        longer life
        
        defragmentation not required
      - port or other port on a computer or mobile device
      - RAID (redundant array of independent disks) is a
        
        (RAID)
  - - - removable flash memory storage device that you
        
        Many types of computers and devices have slots
        for memory cards ;
        
        smartphone
        
        printer
        
        tablet
        
        laptop
        
        card reader/writer
        
        digital camera
      - USB flash drives plug into a USB
        port on a computer or mobile devices
        
        USB flash drives
    - - OPTICAL DISCS
        
        How a laser reads data on an optical disc ?
        
        step 1 :
        a laser diode shines a light
        beam toward the disc
        
        step 2 :
        if light strikes a pit,it scatters.If light
        strikes a land,it is reflected back
        toward the laser diode.
        
        step 3 :
        reflected light is deflected to a light-
        sensing diode,which send a digital signal of 1 to the computers
        
        a flat,round,portable disc made of metal,plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser
      - ENTERPRISE STORAGE
        
        data and information using devices intended for heavy use, maximum
        
        A storage area network (SAN) is a high-speed
        
        Network attached storage (NAS) is a server that is placed on a
        
        Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing
      - OTHER TYPES OF STORAGE
        
        A magnetic stripe card has a magnetic stripe that contains information
        
        • A smart card stores data on an integrated circuit embedded in the card
        
        The RFID tag consists of an antenna and a memory chip that contains the information to be transmitted via radio waves
        
        contact smart card
        
        contactless smart card
- - - - Figure 6-4
        Most devices connected communicate with the processor tp carry out a task.
        
        a) Control unit: Component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer.
        b) Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): Component of the processor, performs arithmetic, comparison and other operations.
        
        For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle. There are fetch, decode, execute and store.
        
        a) The processor contains registers - temporarily hold data and instructions.
        b) The system clock controls timing of all computer operations.
        
        The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)
        
        The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD.
        
        a) A processor chip generates heat that may cause the chip to malfunction or fail
        b) Require additional cooling
        
        Heat sinks
        
        Liquid cooling technology
        
        Cooling pads
  - - - • Data bus
        • Address bus
    - - • System bus
        • Backside bus
        • Expansion bus
  - - - Figure 6-1 Cases of computers and mobile devices are available in many various shapes and sizes.
        
        -Motherboard is the main route board of the computer
        
        Meanwhile, the chip is small piece of semiconducting material is sillicon
        
        Figure 6-2 In a higher-end computer deskstop and laptop show that typical components have integrated video and sound capability the same as laptop image shown here.
  - - - (Figure 6-8)Whenever the mobile phone or computer is in on or off condition, it means that it is electronically stated for the presence or absence of an electronic charge.
        
        (Figure 6-9) the eight bits grouping together and form a byte as a unit. One byte represents a single character in mobile phone or computer.
        
        (Figure 6-10) this shows how a letter is changed into binary form and back
        
        semiconducting material is sillicon
  - - - sound card
      - video card
    - - •Bluetooth
        •MIDI
        •Moderm
        •Network
        •Sound
        •Tv turner
        •USB
        •Video
        •Video capture
        
        Bluetooth
        
        Enable bluetooth connectivity
        
        MIDI
        
        Connects to musical instruments
        
        Moderm
        
        Connects to transmission media, such as cable television lines or phone lines
        
        Network
        
        Provides network connections, such as to an Ethernet port
        
        Sound
        
        Connects to speakers or a microphone
        
        Tv tuner
        
        Allows viewing of digital television broadcasts on a monitor
        
        USB
        
        Connects to high-speed USB ports
        
        Video
        
        Provides enhanced graphics capabilities, such as accelerated processing or the ability to connect a second monitor
        
        Video capture
        
        Connects to a digital video camera
    - - Provides connections to peripheral devices
  - - - Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power supply or batteries
        
        Batteries are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries
  - - - Instructions to be executed by the processor
        
        The data needed by the instructions
        
        The results of the data processed
    - - The operating system and other programs
      - Applications
      - Data being processed and the resulting information
    - - Volatile Memory
        
        Loses content when power is turned off
        
        Examples include RAM
      - Nonvolatile Memory
        
        Content isn't lost when power is cut off
        
        Examples include ROM, Flash Memory, and CMOS
    - - Static RAM (SRAM)
      - Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
        
        Common DRAM variations (From slowest to fastest.)
        
        SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
        
        DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM)
        
        DDR2
        
        DDR3
        
        DDR4
        
        RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)
    - - Memory modules contain memory chips.
    - - Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten
        
        CMOS technology uses battery power to retain information when the power to
        the computer is off
        
        All 3 of these are Nonvolatile Memory
    - - It takes about 1 / 10 of a second to blink your eye, in which time a computer can perform some operations 10 million times.