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Nouns and verbs, VERB BE, they only function as the main verb of a clause…
Nouns and verbs
Noun
Definition
It can represent a person, a thing,a quality, an idea and others
Types
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE
Countable
Can be counted
They have a singular and plural form
Uncountable
Can't be counted
They can function with a definite article
PROPER NOUNS
They can't be counted or be combined with an article. For instance, Sue, London,etc.
Exception with proper names: The Sahara(a dessert), The Titanic(a ship)
CONCRETE vs ABSTRACT NOUNS
Concrete
Refers to physical entities or substances that can be sensed.
Abstract
They are abstractions such as emotions, states, qualities.
PACKAGE NOUNS
Collective nouns
They refer to groups such as family, committee. There’s a special class of collective nouns which can be followed by of-phrases. For instance, a bunch of roses.
Unit nouns
These are used to divide a whole mass into small pieces. For instance, a bit of cake, an item of equipment, etc.
Quantifying nouns
They express the quantity of an object. For example, a kilo of apples.
Plural numeral nouns
Nouns for large quantities
Measure nouns
Nouns ending in -ful
Nouns of shape
Pair and couple
Nouns for a type of container
Species nouns
They are also followed by an of-phrase but they express the type.The species nouns can be followed by countable or uncountable nouns. e.g. Sort of things, types of car.
Roles of nouns in a sentence
Object
Nouns can also be objects of a verb in a sentence
Direct object
Indirect object
Subject and object complements
Mary is a
teacher
Normally follow linking verbs like to be, become, or seem
A
teacher
is what Mary is.
I now pronounce you
husband
and
wife
.
Verbs that denote making, naming, or creating are often followed by object complements.
Subject
Always be a noun
The person, place, or thing that is doing or being the verb in that sentence.
Appositive nouns and nouns as modifiers
My brother,
Michael
, is six years old.
is a noun that immediately follows another noun in order to further define or identify it.
He is a speed
demon
.
Nouns can be used adjectivally as well
Verbs
FUNCTIONS
MAIN VERBS
CLASSES
MODAL VERBS
function only as an auxiliary verb
e.g. can,could,might, etc.
PRIMARY VERBS
AUXILIARY VERBS
COPULAR VERBS
Categories
Current copular vebs
State of existence
Sensory perceptions
Result copular verbs
identify an attribute that is the result of a process of change.
Function
Current copular verbs: sensory perceptions
Sound
literal use: evaluations of sound
perceptions
additional use: reactions to
ideas/suggestions
Seem
reports evaluations of smell It smells funny in
perceptions
Feel
reports an assessment of physical
or mental state of being
Taste
reports evaluations of taste perceptions
Look
often evaluates physlcal
appearance
Result copular verbs
Get
describe a person changing to a new
state
Go
describes a change towards an undesirable
state
describes changes experienced by
humans and other natural processes
Become
describe the process involved in changing from one state to another
Less common result copular verbs
Prove
reports an assessment
Turn
turn + adjective describes change in appearance; typically refers to color changes
Grow
describes gradual change often makes an implicit comparison with an earlier state through use of comparative adjective as complement
Turn out
emphasizes the end-point of a process wlth simple positive or
negative evaluaton
recurring adjectives: good, nasty, nice, (all) right, wrong
Come
usually describes a change to a better condition
recurring adjectives: alive, awake, clean, loose, short, true, unstuck
End up and wind up
describe an unintended negative event or state
Current copular verbs: state of existence
Be
Noun phrases
Caracterizing
Oh, my dad
was
a great guy
, too
Identifying
That
's
our back yard
.
Adjective phrases
express
stance
sure
good
funny
right
nice
Predicative adjectives
expresses an
evaluation
that
applies to the following clause or phrase
important
possible
necessary
difficult
useful
Prepositional phrases
as a
subject predicative
describing a characteristic of the subjec
Umuofia
was
in a festival mood
.
as an
adverbial
expressing position or direction
I wish you
were
at the shack with me last night
.
Complement Cause
The capital
is
to be provided by the French government.
Other state of existence copular verbs
Remain
adjectives, often reporting absence of change
typical adjectives: unchanged, constant, intact, motionless, immobile, etc.
Keep
typical adjectives: alive, awake, quiet, silent, secret, busy, fit, close, warm.
subject of keep is usually
an animate being.
Appear
to- complement clauses
adjectives of likelihood in academic prose and news
Stay
typical adjectives: awake, dry, sober, alive, clear, loyal, healthy
subject of stay is usually
human
Seem
adjectives, especially conveying attitudes, surprise and possibility in fiction
noun phrase as subject predicative, especially with perceptions that are not necessarily accurate.
prepositional phrase expressing an attribute of the subject
to- complement clauses
adjectives of likelihood in academic prose, with extraposed that-clauses .
used to associate an
attribute
with the subject in the clause.
VALENCY PATTERNS
There are five major valency patterns:
INTRANSITIVE
Pattern: subject + verb (S + V)
MONOTRANSITIVE
Pattern: subject +verb + direct object (S + V + DO)
COMPLEX TRANSITIVE
Patterns: (S + V + DO + OP)
or l (S + V + DO +A
COPULAR
DITRANSITIVE
Pattern: subject + verb + indirect object + direct object (S + V + I0 + DO).
VERB BE
PRIMARY VERBS
VERB HAVE
as a main verb can be used to express different meanings.
as an auxiliary verb represents the perfect aspect, (past perfect, present perfect).
VERB DO
as an auxiliary verb
supports in negatives and interrogatives
Emphatic DO
Auxiliary DO as pro-verb
Auxiliary DO in question tags
as a main verb, functions as an :
1) transitive pro-verb
2) intransitive pro-verbs
as an auxiliary verb, has two different grammatical functions:
Progressive aspect: (be + -ing- participle)
-I
was cooking
the lunch by the time he arrived.
Passive voice: (be + -ed-participle).
-The book required for the practice
is called
the message from the afterlife.
as a main verb, (be the copuka)links the subject noun phrase with a subject predicative or with an obligatory adverbial.
they only function as the main verb of a clause or sentence
MORPHOLOGICAL
it represents
tense
(present and past),
aspect
(perfect, progressive), and
voice
(active and passive).
SEMANTIC
denote actions, processes, and states of affairs that happen or exist in time.
SYNTACTIC
occur on their own, as a single-word verb phrase acting as the central part of the clause.
It occurs before the main verb and qualifies the meaning of the verb.
LEXICAL VERBS
function as an auxiliary and main verb. There are only three primary verbs (be, have, do).
That
was
n't
very nice
It
is
possible to have more than one major hypothesis
.
The most important element in the clause, it shows the action or the state of being of the subject.
The main verb in a clause determines the other elements that are required in that clause. The pattern of the clause elements is called the valency pattern for the verb.
