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types of soils, Peidmont- refers to the foot of a mountain, image, image,…

- - - - Mining activities leading to deforestation
        
        Often after mining activities the excavation sites are left leaving behind scars and over burdening the soil
        
        This is seen in Jharkhand and Madhya pradesh
      - Due to over grazing
        
        This is seen in Madhya pradesh Rajasthan
      - Due to over Irrigataion
        
        Due to over irrigation, water logging takes place and erodes soil resulting in soil degradation
        
        Seen in haryana and UP
      - Due to industrial effluents
        
        Often, grinding of lime stone for the cement industry and grinding of calcite and soapstone for the ceramic industry has lead to fine powder of these non biodegradable effluents rise up in the sky
        
        These clouds of dust settle on the land and retard the ability of water to infiltrate resulting in soil degradation
    - - Afforestation and checking and management of grazing
      - Proper management of discharge, mining activities, indutrial effluents
      - Planting of shelter belts, stabilization of sand dunes by planting thorny bushes and checking over grazing
  - - - Human intervention
        
        Due to human activities like mining,over grazing, industrial effluents etc
      - Natural agents
        
        Due to agents like wind water glaciers etc.
    - - When water runs through clayey soil it forms deep cuts and and is called gullies
        
        This land becomes unfit for cultivating and is called bad land
        
        In the Chambal basin such lands are known as RAVINES
      - Many times water flows over a slope in the form of sheets and erodes the top soil
        
        This is called sheet erosion
      - Often wind blows away flat or loose wind particles resulting in erosion
        
        This is called wind erosion
      - Soil erosion is also common due to defective farming methods
        
        En ex: Tilling and ploughing the land up and down the slope will lead to rapid flow of water which will erode the soil
    - - Adequate farming methods
        
        Ploughing on the contour lines cand decrease the flow of water giving more time for absorbtion of nutrients.this is called contour ploughing
      - Land is often divided.Strip Farming: Often many rows of grass are grown in between crop to break up the wind and to a prevent soil erosion
      - Shelter belts: similar to strip farming, rows of trees are grown around the farm to break up the wind and prevent soil degradation
      - Steps are cut out on slopes to retain soil and restrict soil erosion
        
        This is vastly practiced in north eastern states and in central himalayas
  - - - Non renewable
        
        Long time millions of years to renew
        
        Geologically long time to reoccur in nature
        
        Fossil fuels, organic compounds minerals, metals
        
        Recyclable
        
        Some non renewable resources like metals are reusable
        
        Non recyclable
        
        Other resources that are non recyclable
      - Renewable
        
        Resources that can replenish .i.e reproduce through chemical, physical and mechanincal means are called Renewable resourcesresources
        
        Solar power , wind energy
    - - Biotic
        
        THose resources that are living and found in the biosphere
      - Abiotic
        
        All those material that are composed of non living things
    - - Individual
        
        Land is owned by individuals
        
        Many Farmers also own land alloted by the government as a method of revenue
        
        In Rural areas there is some amount of land ownership
        
        In urban areas people own plots, flats,land etc.
      - Community
        
        Land is that is accessible to all in a community
        
        Village parks, play grounds, public spaces etc
      - National
        
        All resources are national resources
        
        The government has the legal permission to take private land and use it for public good
        
        The urban development authorities can collect land
        
        The area coming under12 nautical miles withing the oceanic border of india is called territorial waters
        
        all resources under territorial waters come under the ownership of india
      - International
        
        The area after 200 nautical miles of any political boundary belongs to international waters
        
        No one owns this land, and no country can use the resources found without appropriate permission
    - - Potential
        
        Those resources that are found in regions but lack utilization is called Potential
      - Developed
        
        Resources that have been surveyed and whose quantity and quality is measured such that the resources can be utilised
        
        development of the resources depends on the technology and the level of feasibility
      - Stocks
        
        resources found in our surroundings, that can satisfy human needs but the technology to utilize them hasn't developed yet.
        
        Ex: splitting of water into hydrogen and o2 to generate energy
      - Reserves
        
        It is a subset of stock
        
        The technology is available but the production of the resource hasnt started yet
        
        e: hydroelectricity generated from water
- - - - Has calleous pebble like material called kankar
        
        Not as fertile as new alluvial
  - - - particles of soil are extremely small and fine
        
        fertile and ideal for agriculture
  - - - Ganga
        
        Brahmaputa
        
        Indus
  - - - this can be productive with proper treatment
        
        .
- - - - In harsh condition with low rainfall and sparse vegetation, it has very low humus
      - Low in plant nourishing content
- - - - Crops
        
        Cotton
      - Formation
      - Due to residual of parent material from mountainous and volcanic origin
  - - - Deccan trap
- - - - Due to the nature of the environment,sand is very prone to evapouration