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3.1 - Newtons laws, force and use of tech - Coggle Diagram
3.1 - Newtons laws, force and use of tech
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Limb kinematics
- a 3D motion analysis records an athlete performing a sporting action or a patient performing normal body movements
- allows joint and limb efficiency to be evaluated with measurements of multiple planes of movement
- computer software and infra-red cameras record the motion shown by the reflective markers that are placed on the bodies joints
advantages
- data is produced immediately and is objective and accurate
- coaches can use this to help improve performance and adjust technique
- it can focus on specific joint movement and analyse technique
disadvantages
- the accuracy and repeatability of the results depends on the correct placement of the markers on the body
- it is highly specialised
- very expensive
- very limited to lab conditions which makes some actions difficult to perform in those environments
Force plates
- a rectangular metal plate inserted into the ground at the take off area of a long jump or high jump or in a track after a sprint start
- information produced can tell a person the precise way in which the foot is active during its strike with the ground
- when contact is made, an electrical output proportional to the force being applied is displayed on a computer in a graphical form
Advantages
- used for biomechanical assessment, analysis of posture and human motion, balance, rehabilitation and physical therapy
- gives immediate, accurate and reliable results
Disadvantages
- an expensive and specialist piece of equipment
- mainly used in laboratory conditions
Wind tunnels
- used to assess the aerodynamics
- objects are placed inside the wind tunnel and instruments are attached to measure forces produced by the air against it's surface
- used to study the flow of air
Advantages
- decreases air resistance by up to 7% in F1 cars
- allows engineers to have tight control on environmental variables
- increases accuracy of aerodynamic objects
Disadvantages
- uses very specialised facilities that are only in engineering bases
- they are very expensive
- require complex analysis by research professionals
Force
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External force = comes from outside the body and acts upon it
- weight, reaction, friction and air resistance
5 effects:
1) can create motion = football will remain at rest until a force applied to make it move
2) can accelerate a body = greater force applied by the foot to the ball, greater acceleration of ball to goal
3) decelerate a body = ball moves through air, force of air resistance will act in opposite direction
4) change direction of a body = goalkeeper dives to save a shot, force from hands will change direction of ball away from goal
5) change shape of body = goalkeeper fails to save shot, ball hits the net and net changes shape
Net force
the sum of all forces acting on a body, resultant force. the overall force acting on a body when all individual forces have been considered
- if a net force = 0, there is no change in motion as the forces are balanced
- a body will remain at rest or will continue to travel at constant velocity
- if a net force is present, there will be a change in motion as the forces are unbalanced
- a body will accelerate, decelerate, change its direction or change shape
Vertical forces
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Reaction = equal and opposite force exerted by a body in response to the action force placed upon it
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Free body diagram
a clearly labelled sketch showing all of the forces acting on a body at a particular instant in time
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Vertical forces:
- Weight = from the centre of mass extending vertically downwards
- Reaction = from the point of contact extending vertically upwards
Horizontal forces:
- Friction = from the point of contact and usually extending horizontally in the same direction as motion
- Air resistance = from the centre of mass and extending horizontally against the direction of motion