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skeletal and muscular systems - Coggle Diagram
skeletal and muscular systems
muscle fibre types
fast glycolytic (anaerobic)
structural characteristics
neuron size = large, capillary density = low
functional characteristics
speed of contraction = fast, aerobic capacity = low
sporting application
explosive athletes = javelin, 60-100m
work: relief ratio = 1:3
slow oxidative (aerobic)
structural characteristics
neuron size = small, capillary density = high
functional characteristics
speed of contraction = slow, aerobic capacity = high
sporting application
endurance athletes = marathon, triathlon
work: relief ratio = 1:1
fast oxidative glycolytic (moderate)
structural characteristics
neuron size = large, capillary density = high
functional characteristics
speed of contraction = fast, aerobic capacity = moderate
sporting application
high intensity athletes = 800-1500m
the muscles
function
create movement, each muscle has connective tissue forming tendons
tendons attach muscles to bones and transmit the pull force
muscle contractions
isotonic contractions = muscle changes length during its contraction
concentric = muscle shortens producing tension
eccentric = muscle lengthens producing tension
isometric contractions = muscle contracts but doesn't change length
the motor unit
motor neuron = a nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
motor unit = a motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon
action potential = a positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre
1)
nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body
2)
nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
3)
neurotransmitter is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
4)
if the electrical charge is above a threshold, the muscle fibre will contract
5)
this happens in an all-or-none fashion
neurotransmitter = a chemical produced and secreted by a neuron which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre
the skeleton
flat bones
Examples = sternum, ribs, cranium and pelvis
Function = protect internal organs and act as suitable sites for muscular attachment
long bones
Examples = femur, humerus, radius, tibia and phalanges
Function = act as levers for movement and act as a site for blood cell production
irregular bones
vertebrae protects the spinal cord
function
protects the internal organs, site for blood cell production and mineral store
short bones
carpals and tarsals which bear weight well
sesamoid bones
patella which ease joint movement and resist compression
joint type
synovial joint
ligament
Structure = tough band of elastic connective tissue
Function = connects bone to bone and stabilises joints
synovial fluid
Structure = lubricating liquid
Function = reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage
articular cartilage
Structure = smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones
Function = absorbs shock and allows friction free movement
joint capsule
Structure = fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane
Function = encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid
bursa
Structure = fluid filled sac found where tendons rub over bones Function = reduces friction between tendons and bones
types of synovial joints
hinge joint
elbow, knee and ankle
sagittal plane
pivot joint
elbow
ball and socket joint
shoulder and hip
sagittal, frontal and transverse planes
condyloid joint
wrist
sagittal and frontal planes
planes of movement
sagittal plane
lies vertically
divides the body into left and right from the midline of the body
Flexion =
decreases at the joint angle, usually to the front of the body
Extension =
increases at the joint angle, usually to the back of the body
Dorsi-flexion =
decreases at the joint angle bring toes up
Plantar-flexion =
increases the joint angle moving toes downwards
frontal plane
lies vertically
divides the body into front and back
Adduction =
joint moves the articulating bones closer to the midline of the body
Abduction =
joint moves the articulating bones away from the midline of the body
transverse plane
lies horizontally
divides the body into upper and lower
Horizontal extension =
joint moves the articulating bone away from the midline of the body
Horizontal extension =
joint moves the articulating bones closer to the midline of the body
Rotation =
joint moves when articulating bone turns about its longitudinal axis
antagonistic muscle action
agonist = muscle responsible for creating the movement at a joint, prime mover
antagonist = muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance
fixator = muscle which stabilises one part of the body while another causes movement
definition = as the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co=ordinate the action
movement analysis
ankle
hinge joint
tibia, fibula and talus
dorsi-flexion
agonist muscle = tibialis anterior
plantar flexion
agonist = gastrocnemius and soleus
sagittal plane
knee
hinge joint
femur and tibia
sagittal plane
flexion
agonist = hamstring group
extension
agonist = quadricep group
hip
ball and socket joint
pelvic girdle and femur
sagittal plane
flexion
agonist = iliopsoas
extension
agonist = gluteus maximus
frontal plane
adduction
agonist = adductor longus, brevis and magnus
abduction
agonist = gluteus medius and minimus
transverse plane
medial rotation
agonist = gluteus medius and minimus
lateral rotation
agonist = gluteus maximus
shoulder
ball and socket joint
humerus and scapula
sagittal plane
flexion
agonist = anterior deltoid
extension
agonist = posterior deltoid
frontal plane
adduction
agonist = latissimus dorsi
abduction
agonist = middle deltoid
transverse plane
horizontal extension
agonist = posterior deltoid and teres minor
horizontal flexion
agonist = pectoralis major
lateral rotation
agonist = teres minor and infraspinatous
medial roation
agonist = teres major and subscapularis
elbow
hinge joint
humerus, radius and ulna
sagittal plane
flexion
agonist = biceps brachii
extension
agonist = triceps brachii
wrist
condyloid joint
sagittal plane
flexion
agonist = wrist flexors
extension
agonist = wrist extensors