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Kayla Lay P2 Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Kayla Lay P2 Reproductive System
Hormones of the reproductive system
Hormone secretion
Hormones
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (FH)
gonadotropins released from anterior pituitary
Inhibin
released from gonads of both male and female
exerts negative feedback on FSH release from anterior pituitary
Sex Hormones
exert negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
act as target tissues in body
vital in development and function of reproductive organs, sexual behavior, sexual drives
Male
Testosterone
synthesized from cholesterol, is transmitted at some target cells
prompts spermatogenesis and targets all accessory glands
has multiple anabolic effects throughout the body
deficiency leads to atrophy of accessory organs, semen volume declines, and erection/ ejaculation are impaired
male sex characteristics: features induced in non reproductive organs by male sex hormones
Female
Estrogen
promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
exert anabolic effect on femal reproductive spurt at puberty
support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty
induce secondary sex characteristics
has metabolic effects
Progesterone
works w/ estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
promotes changes in cervical mucus
effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy
Anatomy of male reproductive structures
Ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct
ductus deferens (vas deferens) ~45 cm long
passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity
joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
smooth muscle in walls propels sperm from epididymis to urethra
Scrotum
sac of skin and superficial fascia
hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
contains paired testes
3 degrees C lower than core body temperature
lower temperature necessary for sperm production
midline septum divides scrotum into tow compartments, one for each testis
affected by temperature changes
Urethra
conveys both urine and semen (at different times)
Testes
sperm-producing male glands that within the scrotum
each testis is surrounded by two tunics
Tunica vaginalis: outer layer derived from peritoneum
Tunica albuginea: inner layer forms fibrous capsule
septa divides testis into ~250 lobules, each containing one to four seminiferious tubules- site of sperm production
sperm is conveyed from seminiferious tubules to straight tubule
-> rete testis -> efferent ductules -> epididymis
epididymis is made up of the head, body, and tail; sperm mature
sperm stored in tail until ejaculation; epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into ductus deferens
Spermatic cord encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply testes
Penis
male copulatory organ
root and shaft that ends in glans penis
produce, or foreskin: cut of loose skin covering glands
External genitalia: scrotum and penis
internaly: spongy urethra and three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissues, spongy network of Ct and smooth muscle w/ vascular spaces
Corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra and expands to form glands and bulb of penis
Corpora cavernosa: paired dorsal erectile bodies
Erection: erectile tissue fills w/ blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid
Seminal glands (seminal vesicles)
contains smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
Prostate
encircles urethra inferior to bladder
consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
plays role in sperm activation
enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation
Bulbo-urethral glands (cowper's gland)
produces thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
lubricate glands penis
neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra
Methods and classification of contraceptives
Withdrawl
withdrawl of penis from vagina before ejaculation; some sperm may reach vagina before ejaculation
behavioral method
Male sterilization
vasectomy- removal of a small portion of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering semen
surgical method
Fertility awareness
abstinence from sexual intercourse around time of ovulation; difficult to determine time of ovulation
behavioral method
IUD
chemical barrier
objects implanted in the uterus are either toxic to sperm and egg cells or prevent implantation of embryo by inhibiting growth of endometrium, thicken cervical mucus
External condom
worn over the penis; thin layer of latex, plastic, synthetic rubber, or natural membrane
mechanical barrier
Female sterilization
surgical method
tubal ligation-cutting of the uterine tubes, preventing sperm from reaching egg
Internal condom
used in the vagina or anus; thin pouch made of synthetic latex called nitrile where HIV can't travel through nitrile barrier
mechanical barrier
Injectables
injection of a progesterone derivative prevents follicle maturation and ovulation; works for 3 months
chemical barrier
Diaphram
prevent sperm from entering vagina during sexual intercourse
mechanical barrier
Pill
contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent pregancy; disrupt normal hormonal patterns of female cycle, prevent follicle maturation and ovulation
chemical barrier
Spermicides
kills sperms; more effective when used w/ a condom; creams, foams, jellies
chemical barrier
Events of the female hormonal cycle
Follicle development
Ovarian follicle: functional unit of ovary that encloses a single oocyte
stages of development
Primordial follicle
single layer of squamous pre-grandulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
becomes primary follicle
oocyte secretes glycoprotein-rich substances that forms zona pellucida that encapsulates oocyte
Secondary follicles
primary follicle now called secondary follicle
have multiple layers of grandulosa cels surrounding primary oocyte
Vesicular follicles
fluid-filled cavity called atrium (formed when all fluid coalesces)
distinguishes vesicular follicle from previous follicles
continues to expand with its surrounding granulosa cells called corona radiata
after oocyte and corona radiata are ejected, ruptured follicle transforms into glandular structure called corpus luteum
ready to be ovulated
Ovulation: each month after puberty, a select few primary oocytes are activated
caused by high hormonal levels, especially FSH
one from this group is selected each month to become dominant follicle
Ovarian cycle
monthly series of events associated w/ maturation of egg
Follicular phase
period of vesticular follicle growth (days 1-14)
several vesicular (antral) follicles become sensitive to FSH and are stimulated to grow
one dominant follicle especially sensitive to FSH
FSH levels drop around middle of phase
non dominant follicles will undergo atresia
dominant follicle outcompetes other follicles and is only one to continue on
primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and first polar body
Luteal phase
period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)
after ovulation, ruptured follicle collapses, and atrium fills w/ clotted blood
remaining cells from corpus luteum
corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
if no pregnancy, corpus luteum produces hormones that sustain pregnancy until placenta takes over, at about 3 months
Ovulation
in between follicular and luteal phase
ballooning ovary wall ruptures, expelling secondary oocyte w/ its corona radiata into peritoneal cavity
1-2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte which, if fertilized, results in fraternal twins
Uterine cycle
cyclic series of changes in endometrium that occur in response to fluctuating ovarian hormone levels
Menstrual phase- days 1-5
gonadropin levels are beginning to rise
stratum functionalis detaches from uterine wall and is shed
ovarian hormones are at lowest levels
by day 5, growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen
Secretory (postovulatory) phase- days 15-28
endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
if fertilization does not occur
corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory phase; progesterone levels fall
endometrium cells die, and glands regress
blood vessels fragment, and functional layer sloughs off and uterine cycle starts over again on first day of menstruation
most consistent in duration
Proliferative (preovulatory) phase- days 6-14
rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer
estrogen also increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
thins out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus to facilitate sperm passage
ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase on day 14
Hormonal regulation of ovarian cycle
negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
positive feedback stimulates gonadtropin release
FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH release
Disorders associated with reproductive system
STDs single most important cause of reproductive disorders
Parasitic
Trichomoniasis
symptoms: no symptoms 70% women, 30% have yellow-green vaginal discharge w/ strong odor
transmission: sex, lower genital tract or inside penis, hands, mouth, anus
more commen in women than men caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
treatment: antibiotics, pills
Viral
Genital Herpes
symptoms: no symptom, blisters around genitals, rectum or mouth, fever, body aches, swollen glands; 15% show sympt; latent periods and flare-ups w/ vesicle formation
transmission: vaginal, anal, or oral sex, male sex partner, passed on to fetus; can cause malformations
caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2)
treatment: no cure, antiviral durgs, suppressive therapy
Hepatitis
symptoms: mild illness, few or no symptoms
transmission: HAV- ingestion of food, water, objects, sex; HBV- blood, semen, fluid, sex, mother to fetus, HCV- blood, share equipment, blood transfusion
caused by hepatitis viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV) that affect millions, HBV and HBC can lead to chronic, lifeline infection that cause liver damage, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and death
treatment: no cure, vaccination
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
symptoms: no symptoms, genital warts
transmission: vaginal, anal, or oral sex, passed from infected person w/ no symptom; 80% of cases of invasive cervical cancer linked, can cause penile, anal, or orpharyngeal cancer
most common in U.S. caused by genital warts, over 50% adults infected during lifetime
treatment: no cure, vaccination, medication, pap test
AIDS/HIV
symptoms: no symptoms, flu-like symptoms within 2-4 weeks after infection
transmission: vaginal or anal sex, sharing needles, syringes, drug injection equipment, mother to fetus, body fluids
human immunodeficiency virus that weakens person immune system by destroying helper T cells and can lead to AIDS
treatment: no cure, medication, pills, shots, antiretroviral therapy
Bacterial
Gonrrhea
symptoms: males- urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus form penis; female- abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal uterine bleeding and possible urethral symptoms
transmission: vaginal, anus, or oral sex, mother to newborn during childhood
infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tract caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
treatment: antibiotics
Syphilis
symptoms: primary- single or multiple sores; secondary- pink skin rash, fever, joint pain; latent- no sign; tertiary- gummas, lesions that develop in CNS, blood vessels, bones, and skins
transmission: direct contact w/ sore during vaginal, anal, or iral sex, mother to unborn baby
caused by Treponema pallidum that invades mucosae or even boken skin
treatment: penicillin
Chlamydia
symptoms: urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses; 20% women and 10% men no symptom
transmission: vaginal, anal, or oral sex, mother pass on to newborn during childbirth
most common in the U.S. that is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
treatment: antibiotics
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
infection of a woman's reproductive organ caused by bacteria like Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis
symptoms: no symptom, pain in lower abdomen, fever, unusual discharge w/ bad odor from vagina, pain or bleeding w/ sex, burning sensation when urinating, bleeding between periods
transmission: more than one sex partner, have STD and don't get treated, sexually active 25 or younger, douche, IUD
treatment: antibiotics
Anatomy of female reproductive structures
Vagina
thin-walled tube 8-10 cm in length
functions as birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, and organ of copulation
vaginal secretions are acidic in adult females
mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called hymen that ruptures w/ intercourse
Uterus
hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ
function is to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
regions
Body: major portion
Fundus: rounded superior region
Isthmus: narrowed inferior region
Cervix: narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
Cervical canal communicates w/ : vagina via exteral os; uterine body via internal os
Uterine wall
Perimetrium: outermost serous layer
Myometrium: bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
Endometrium: mucosal lining
fertilized egg burrows into endometrium and resides there during development
External Genitalia
also called vulva or pudendum
Mons pubis: fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
clitoris: anterior to vestibule
Labia majora: hair-covered, fatty skin folds
Vestibule: recess within labia minora
Labia minora: skin folds lying within labia majora
Uterine tubes
also called fallopian tubes or oviducts, receive ovulated oocyte and are usual site of fertilization
each tube ~ 10 cm long and extends from area of ovary to superior region of uterus
regions
Infundibulum: funnel-shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity
margin contains ciliated projections called fimbriae that drape over ovary
site where fertilization usually occurs
during ovulation, uterine tube captures oocyte
oocyte is carried along toward uterus by smooth muscle peristalsis and ciliary action
Mammary Glands
milk production to nourish newborn
modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobes
Areola: pigmented skin surrounding nipple
lobules within lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce milk
breast size due to amount of fat deposit
Ovaries
paired structures flank the uterus, are almond shaped and about twice as large
held in place by several ligaments
Ovarian ligament: anchors ovary medially to uterus
Suspensory ligament: anchors laterally to pelvic wall
suspensory ligament and mesovarium are part of broad ligament that supports uterine tubes, uterine, and vagina
Ovarian follicles: tiny saclike structures embedded in cortex
contain immature egg (oocycte) encased by one or more layers of different cells
each month a ripened follicle ejects oocyte in event called ovulation
Perineum
diamond-shaped region between pubic arch and coccyx
Major Functions
Male
secrete male sex hormone, testosterone
support development of fetus (gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)
bring sperm together with ova through sexual intercourse
produce male gametes (sperm) for sexual reproduction
Female
produce female gametes (ova) for sexual reproduction
secrete femal sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone
bring ova together with sperm through sexual intercourse
support development of fetus (gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)