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FCS 1500 Exam 3 Adolescence, emerging adulthood: 18-25 y/o , biosocial…
FCS 1500 Exam 3 Adolescence
adolescence isn't as difficult a stage than we think, we have this difficulty misconception bc adults think of it to be hard
with adolescents, we should consider cognitive developments first, rather than think about physical growth. Adolecents have emotions rule over logic.
when it comes to the brain, the adolescent limbic system develops before the prefrontal cortex. The limbic system includes the amygdala which produces intense emotions, therefore, it takes over before the prefrontal cortex can step in and do its job to provide impulse control. Furthermore, the hormones target the amygdala directly.
Piaget formal operations: starts12-16 y/o and continues throughout adulthood. they are able to consider abstract ideas at this stage and are also able to think outside of themselves and their own experiences which means they consider the POSSIBILITIES
characteristic abilities include:
systematic problem solving: can search for solutions by testing hypothesis one at a time(using single factors)
understanding symbols as representation of symbols: ie. understanding that y=a + bx are all abstract symbols but you know what they mean. you can also interpret comics without words. (twice removed logic)
deductive reasoning: begins with an abstract idea, then uses logic to draw conclusions.
can look forward to the future and its possibilities: knowing that actions now can have consequences later
hypothetico-deductive reasoning: drawing conclusions from hypotheticals
two modes of thinking
intuitive thought: emotional or a hunch
analytic thought: logic and rationality
reflective thinking: the ability to realize that you can think about thinking and look from the outside in, a bit like the realization when you're high, but in truth, it's a result of the formal operations stage.
David Elkind:adolescent egocentrism (piaget focuses on the pros of being an adolescent whereas Elkind focuses on the drawbacks)
they think that they are the center of the universe bc they cannot tell apart their own interests from others' interests. they think that everyone else has their own thoughts, but they are still thinking about "me"
this can be displayed by:
personal fable: believe that their experience is one of a kind, ie. no one could possibly understand how much I love this person bc I'm unique
imaginary audience: assumes that everyone is watching them and SHOULD know and already knows everything about them. ie. everyone notices the ketchup stain on my shirt, in truth, no one gives a shit. that's why they are self-conscious at this stage
invincibility fable: believing that they are immune to the laws, therefore, reckless risky behavior is okay since the laws don't apply to them
INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH: they think that they are at the same time unique and everyone else should know what they're thinking about bc they're the center of attention, but at the same time, no one actually understands them. This can result in isolation bc they wouldn't want to share what they feel with their parents bc they couldn't possibly understand.
this section is on brain development
emerging adulthood: 18-25 y/o , biosocial development
age-related decline AKA senescence begin once full growth is reached
max height is usually reached; girls 16 y/o boys 18 y/o; girls have fatter hips and guys more arm muscle with it peaking at age 22
back and leg muscles weaken first then arm muscles
serious diseases do not show up during this period of time, and this is a time where some people outgrow their childhood diseases
average age of marriage: girls 26 y/o boys 28 y/o
homeostasis, body finds balance, the older you get, the harder to recover
allostasis: homeostasis is balancing in short term conditions, ie. breathing faster when running, but allostasis is much more long-term and often a result of poor homeostasis habits (AKA allostasis load)
declines in homeostatis and organ reserves are usually unnoticeable until situations arise that you need them ie getting pregnant
homeostatic set point: when you stop eating when you're full
organ reserves: the extra capacity of each organ to push your body to deal with unusually taxing actions
peak fertility and newborn survival rate has always been highest 18-25
during this period of time, pregnancy usually occur within three months of trying
nowwadays, there are more ppl thinking that premarital sex isn't bad, but if they are serial monogamists, they will have emotional stress develop when unwanted feelings develop after having sex with just one person at a time
generally sex is only for three reasons: reproduction (about 1/4 as well), recreation (about 1/4 of all ppl in the US thinks that this is what sex is for) and relationship
they are capable of relativizing: considering things in relation to another
cognitive flexibility: when faced with unpredicted situations such as divorce, ppl who have this flexibility reflect on their options and consolidate emotions and reasoning/ emerging adults start realizing that there can be multiple views on the same topic and you don't have to immediately agree or disagree with an opinion, this is a sign of flexibility
adolescent physical development
puberty ends childhood and brings them to adult size, shape and sexual potential (starts 8-14 y/o)
specific sequence of hormonal development:hypothalamus triggers pituitary gland then triggers gonads (testes for male and ovaries for females) In girls, primary hormones in ovaries is estradiol, and for boys, testosterone
most obvious changes: primary (directly involve reproduction) and secondary sex characteristics (signify masculine and feminine)
sequence of change (look at graph in lesson): average spermarche and menarche is just under13 y/o; usually puberty growth is complete within 4 years of first signs, but late bloomers add more height in late teens and early developers gain fat and muscle later on
girls
ovaries produce progesterone and estrogen then vagina and uterus grows larger then breast start growing, then pubic hair then weight spurt and height spurt, then hips become wider, then first period (menarche) then first ovulation, then voice lowers then final pubic hair, then full breast grown
it is normal to have irregular periods in the first year or so
boys
testes produce testosterone, then testes and scrotum grow larger, then pubic hair growth, then penis growth then spermarche (first ejaculation), weight spurt, height spurt, broader shoulder, facial hair, voice lowers then final pubic hair
nutrition: fewer than half of all teens get the nutrients that they need such as 15 mg of iron every day. This can result in iron dificiency (anemic) in both girls and boys, girls from periods and boys from physical labor and sports (muscles need iron)
calcium is also an issue: about half of adult bone mass is developed 10-20 y/o, yet many teens don't have this so they develop osteoporosis later on. This could be caused of lack of milk consumption, more soda and more vending machines and fast food joints around schools
poor nutrition can also be caused by body dissatisfaction: worried about body image
most common eating disorders include: anorexia nervosa (refuse to maintain at least 85% of normal BMI, and don't have periods, about 1% of late teens have this and could end in suicide or organ failure 5-20%) and bulermia nervosa (binging then purging, this is 3 times more likely to happen than anorexia, body weight maintains norm but could lead to stomach issues, cardiac arrest and depression: 6.6% in girls, 2.2% in boys)
teen pregnancy: 40 out of 1000 girls ages 15-19 get pregnant every year (in 2006), in 2011 rate has declined due to education
disadvantages of teen pregnancy for moms
long-term reliance on public assistance
poverty as an adult
marital instability
non-optimal parenting
less education
high numbers of subsequent children (usually teen moms have one or two more kids during teenage years)
disadvantages of teen pregnancy for kids
intellectual deficits
poor adjustment and low achievement during school years
pre- and perinatal health complications ie issues during pregnancy, while giving birth, low birth weight, serious illness etc.
becoming teen parents themselves
STIs formerly known as STDs
teen pregnancy and abortion rates have declined (general decline in US around 1991 -2009) over the years but STI rates have not
half of all emerging adults have had at least one STI
adolescent psychosocial development
identity development
Erik Erikson: teens find out who they are and who they wanna be, this sense of identity makes sense since they have abstract thoughts now
4 parts to this:
maintaining meaningful connections from past, ie what goals to continue pursuing
accepting values of the group
knowing the self and separation from close others
doing all of the above in a mature, consistent and stable way
this is influenced by 4 main factors
society
peer group
past experience
family
Erikson: identity vs role confusion
they need to find out where to place themselves in this world. it is encouraged to decide identity when they are ready, meaning they have already explored all options and know what they want and don't want
researcher Marcia further developed Erikson's theory and listed two elements to identity development: she believes that we should be able to identify which stage the adolescent is in terms of figuring out their identity
commitment to specific role or goal
crisis: re-examing old values and choices
the identity statuses
foreclosure: when they decide their identity prematurely without exploring all the options (they go through commitment but NOT crisis ie. inheriting a family business without exploring own passion is commitment) this relates to a certain degree of close-mindedness and will do anything to protect themselves from change
identity or role confusion (AKA diffusion): just getting by, making few engagements with surroundings, this stage is neither commitment nor crisis
moratorium: crisis NOT commitment, bc they declare time-out to explore all possible options. Erikson says this is part of being mature, but if taking too long to commit, then it'll become a problem
achievement: this person has reached the psychosocial goal and has gone through criss and is on its way to commitment
negative identity: this is not really a status but more of a rebellious move. They don't know what they want so they just do the exact opposite of what ppl expect of them, usually this leads to foreclosure
influence of close relationships: peers/family
peers offer: a safe space to belong outside of family, a place to experiment (often acts disapproved by family), a place for interactions with same and opposite sex (ie. girls talking to each other about boyfriends & boys going on dates with girls)
mostly peers help with identity formation, but if they engage in negative influences with other type of friends, this could result in "deviancy training" and they end up going against social norms
social networking is actually more beneficial than hurtful
parents and other adults
they can offer guidance and despite interacting more with peer groups in this stage, parents' influences are always going to be stronger than any other bc they often take their upbringing and family values with them, then re-examines them
parents' influence are strongest when it comes to: politics, religion, education and vocation
conflict with parents is expected at this stage and they often "bicker" with family over the littlest things. parents should let the little things slide and guide when it comes to important values and as always, authoritative parenting style is always best
communication, support, connectedness and control (parents encouraging or limiting autonomy) are of utmost importance. Parent monitoring is only good when it is out of communicating relationship, but is bad when it stems from distrust of when and where the kid is.
teens who talk to parents about sex take fewer risks. research shows that 72% moms had talked to their teens about sex, but only 45% agreed with their moms, this says that the talk wasn't helpful
religious parents talk about sex less, parents talk to daughters more, and talk to older adolescents than younger ones. HOWEVER, this isn't good bc the younger ones actually need more guidance
interestingly enough: parents don't necessarily need to have the sex talk, but as long as you have a warm relationship with kids, they are less likely to take sex risks
abstinence only sex-ed resulted as same frequency in sex than their counterparts, however those who weren't taught abstinence knew more about safe sex. Sex-ed in classes weren't very useful, unless when it came to contraceptive methods
suicidal ideations peak at age 15
22.5% of high school girls have seriously considered suicide while 11.6% reported having serious thoughts about suicide
however, adolescents are less likely to complete the suicide than adults
reasons for misconception: rates have been increasing even if overall rates are low/ statistics on youth often include 18-25 y/o, whose suicide rates are higher, adolescent suicides are also much more likely to get news coverage than adults, suicide attempts (parasuicide) probably are more common in adolescence than later. actually 0.008% of teens 15-19 y/o commit suicide each year. parasuicide was more common. the reasons why there are ideations: gun available, availability to drugs, culture, and how parents parent
girls are more prone to depression but less likely to kill themselves in comparison to boys. reasoning: boys don't share emotions like girls do, so it's hard to detect. boys tend to resort to more immediate and violent suicide methods like guns and jumping, boys think that incompleted suicides aren't manly. there are three times as many boys that kill themselves than girls