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What is the role of global governance in conflict? - Coggle Diagram
What is the role of global governance in conflict?
Flows of technology in geopolitical intervention
Surveillance:
national state surveillance is now extremely complex as a result of all the ways states can spy on citizens in their own and other countries
new series of norms in relation to cybersecurity and cyber conflict
e.g. Microsoft (5th largest TNC), global responsibility for this issue setting up 6 key norms
Security:
Edward Snowden, infamous for his WikiLeaks, previously a CIA employee, copied and leaked classified info about global surveillance systems that exist today
one of his key leaks was the elevation about a surveillance system called Five Eyes
Five Eyes (FVEY) is an intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK & USA
these countries with similar common law legal inheritance, are parties to the multilateral UKUSA Agreement, a treaty for joint cooperation in signals intelligence
origins of FVEY trace back to post WW2, course of Cold War, monitoring communications of Soviet Union & the Eastern Bloc, but not used to monitor billions of private communications worldwide
over the years FVEY has developed a massive platform for espionage, interception, collection, analysis & decyption
each country shares with the others information & huge amounts of data on mobile phone & internet communications, coal of monitoring terror threats & checking in on partners in the pact
Weaponry:
major weapons influx went down from 1979-2000, but then went back up
large amount of weapons throughout 1979-2018; around 30 billion arms transfers
main exporters of arms are UNSC permanent members e.g. USA 33%, Russia 25%, China 5.9%
imports from India 14%, Saudi Arabia 7%, China 4.7%
Drones:
gather info in conflict zones & direct peacekeepers to people & places under threat e.g. DRC (no known case where this caused troop movements that saved lives)
DRC, 5 drones to cover more than 900,000sq miles, but money to only operate 1 at a time (expensive)
drones unarmed but people have to write reports & send data to intelligence units, not enough people or equipment, analyse takes days or weeks
DRC, saved 14 people after boat capsized & discovered armed groups smuggling gold
drones 42% of all UK Ariel mission against ISIS
turned into weapons after 9/11, used in remote airstrikes e.g. US 437 air strikes made against targets outside Afghanistan, Iraq & Syria from Jan 2009-Dec 2015
can hit civilians & first responders e.g. US 30 farm workers in Afghanistan
Satellites:
UNOSAT, established 2001, operational, technology intensive programme of the UNITAR- provides satellite imagery analysis & capacity developments to UN system, member states & partners - supports evidence based decision making
1) humanitarian relief & emergency response (mapping & damage & impact assessments)
2) human security (monitoring, safety & security, human rights & IHL)
3) territorial planning & monitoring (capacity development & territorial assistance & project implementation)
few years ago satellite images seen as definitive truth about war crimes (e.g. Darfur, Sudan 2003-)
but now, those violating human rights have devised counter strategies e.g. indoors
Joint initiatives:
joint dissemination of technology & ideas in governance between partners
REACH:
created in 2010, leading humanitarian initiative providing data analysis from crisis conflict zones, natural disasters & displacements
work of REACH directly feeds aid response & decision-making by providing accessible & precise info on humanitarian situation of crisis-affected populations
activities conducted in support & within framework of inter-agency coodination mechanisms at field & global levels to establish more efficient aid planning & response
REACH: Ukraine
since 2015, based in Eastern Ukraine, continues to provide assessment & info management support for aid actors in Ukraine
interactive maps serve as an initiative & engaging platform with which to demonstrate the effects of conflict form sudden onset up to recent developments
Role of social media:
Ukraine, social media & the sharing of info & cooperation
the ACCESS Consortium is an online platform, aims to encourage representation from all sides of Ukraine conflict to participate in online discussion forums
long term goal of ending conflict & providing stability in Donetsk & Luhansk regions
Role of digital technologies / data:
increase the volume, variety & velocity of info that can be gathered for conflict analysis; also prove innovative means for managing & organising it
Methods:
social media
GIS
data analysis
Uses:
conflict analysis
engagement with parties
inclusivity
strategic communications
UN Mediation tool kit:
uses methods to do uses
Flows of ideas in geopolitical intervention
Democracy:
one of the most significant ideas promoted by IGOs in conflict resolution is democracy & strengthening of democratic insitutions to ensure stability & lasting peace
controversy e.g. disposing of dictator Colonel Gaddaffi following Arab spring in 2011 widely reported to have led to breakdown of law & order and increased civil conflict in Libya
Promoting democracy, success?
commentators draw contrast between level of neutrality & political disinterest the intervention has and the infringement on state sovereignty of the countries most concerned
1) neutral, mostly unobtrusive monitor missions like UN election observers in Nicaragua in 1989
2) multilateral NATO IFOR mission in Yugoslavia to enforce UNSC resolution 1031 in 1995
3) unilateral, destabilising intervention represented by American invasion of Iraq in 2003
Flows of people in geopolitical intervention
UN peacekeeping missions:
flow of people into conflict zones and areas of unrest, try to solve these by mediation and acting as a neutral third party
some missions e.g. India/Pakistan have been in place for decades
UN peacekeeping missions are made up of civilians and military personnel, the later made of troops, police and military observers - June 2017, globally totalled over 110,000 (UK military is 153,000 in active service for comparison)
Movement of troops:
e.g. in Haiti, currently troops from India, Rwanda and Bangladesh
flows of people can have negative impacts e.g. Haitian cholera outbreak in 2010 by Nepalese UN Peacekeepers whose camp had poor sanitation and water treatment works; impacted Haiti after just having earthquake
NATO:
20,000 troops
largest force from US to Europe in 25 years
Flows of money in geopolitical intervention
Peacekeeping:
UN budget was £6.8bn in 2018-2019
annual expenditure of US defence is $639B (2019-2020), shows how UN budget is fairly small
although substantial and costly these flows are less than other flows from rich to poor countries or flows within rich ACs
Aid:
aid donations to gov or land NGOs for distribution
Overseas Development Aid around $135b (2015), suggesting input of money into geopolitical interventions small relative to this flow
ukrainan Canada diaspora raised money for the Marinka bakery to be opened
USA gave Ukraine $1.5b military aid, mandate that a % must be spent on weaponry
EU, leaders agree to transport weapons worth 450m euros to Kyiv
What measures global peace?
Global Peace Index (GPI):
measure the relative positions of nations' and region's peacefulness
a lower score = higher level of peace
measures peace according to 23 qualitative & quantitative measures e.g. weapon imports - based on safety & security, ongoing conflict & degree of militarisation
GPI influence:
pull & push factors (migration)
movement of troops
movement of supports e.g. UN peacekeepers, aid people
Factors leading to change in GPI:
globalisation
technological changes
changes to borders
increase in domestic conflict, violence or civil unrest
international / internal conflicts
wars
political instability / corrupt government / change in government
increases / decreases in state fragility
global governance, interventions may decrease GPI
How can conflict arise?
citizens treated unjustly or lack of representation
competition for access to natural resources
tensions between ethnic groups
all above leads to challenge to sovereignty / territorial integrity, which leads to conflict