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Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - primary oocytes that udnergo meiosis to produce
      - Secondary oocytes that undergo meiosis II to produce
      - At birthfemale presumed to have life time supply
  - - - Secondary follicles: have multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding primary oocyte
      - primordial follices: Single layer of squamous pre-grandulosa cells surrounded primary oocyte
      - Vesicular (antral) follicles (tertiory follicles) have a fluid-filled cavity called an antrum
        
        Before ovulation primary oocyte inside vesicular follicle resumes melosis & becomes secondary oocyte
      - oogenesis begins during fetal period & take years to complete
      - primordial follicles 1st to develop in fetus
        
        Primary oocytes are arrested in prophase
        
        Only small fraction recruited into pool
  - - - Dominant follicle is selected, primary oocyte resumes meiosis
    - - Antrum: Large cavity that is formed when all fluid coasleces ( Stap 4b), distinguishing vesicular follicle from previous folicles (pre-antral vs. antral)
        
        antrum continues to expand w/fluid isolating oocyte
  - - - Vesicular (antral) follicles become sensitive to FSH andare stimulated to grow, one dominant follicle becomes especially sensitive to FSH
      - FSH levels drop around middle of follicular phase, DOminant follicle outcompletes other follicle & is only one to continue on
      - Other non-dominant follicle will undergo stresia
      - Primary oocyte of dominant follicle completes meiosis I to form secondary oocyte first polar body
    - - After ovulation ruptures follicle collapses and antrum fills w/ clotted blood, remaining cells form corpus luteum
      - corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen
      - If no pregnancy occurs corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans (scar) in 10 days
  - - - 6-14: Proliferative ( preovulatory) phase
        
        Proliferative (preovulatory) phase: rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis layer, as layer thickens glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number
        
        estrogen increases synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium
      - Days 15-28: secretly (postvulatory) phase
        
        Phase that is consistent in duration, endometrium prepares fror embryo to implant
        
        Corpus luteum degenerates toward end of secretory phase; progesterone level falls
        
        Endometrial cells die and glands regress
        
        Blood vessels fregment & functional layer sloughs off & uterine cycle starts all over again on 1st day of menstruation
      - Days 1-5: menstrual phase
        
        ovarian hormones are at lowest levels
        
        Stratum functionals detaches prom uterine wall & is shed, menstrual flow of blood & tissue last 3-5 days
- - - - Suspensory ligament: Anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
        
        Suspensory ligament & mesovarium are part of broad ligament that supports uterine tubes, uterus, & vagina
    - - Each month a rippened follicle ejects oocyte in event called ovulation
      - Contain immature egg (oocyte) encased by one or more layers of very different cells
  - - - Labia majora: hair-covered, fatty skin folds, counterpart of male scrotum
      - Vestibule: recess within labia minora
      - Labia minora: Skin folds lying within labia majora
      - CLitoris: anterior to vestibule counterpart of penis, body of clitoria has erectile tissue
      - Mon pubis: Fatty area ovelying pubic symptoms
      - Female perineum: diamond shaped region between pubic arch and coccyx
  - - - ovulated oocyte is released into peritoneal cavity, where some oocytes never make it to tube
      - Tube system includes: Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
    - - Also called fallopian tubes or oviducts, receive ovulated oocyte & are usual site of fertilization
      - Each tube~ 10 cm (4 in) long & extends from area of ovary to superior region of uterus
      - Regions of Uterine tube
        
        Infundibum: FUnnel shaped opening into tje peritoneal cavity margin contains ciliated projections called fimbriae that drapes over ovary
        
        Is site where fertilization usually occurs
      - During ovulation, uterine tube captures oocyte
      - oocyte is carried along toward uterus by smooth muscle peristalis & ciliary action
    - - Hallow, thick-walled muscular organ, function is to receive, retain, & nourish fertilized ovum
      - Regions of uterus
        
        Fundus: rounded superior region
        
        Isthmus: narrowed inferior region
        
        Cervix: narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
        
        Body: major portion
        
        Cervical canal: Communicated with:
        
        vagina via external os
        
        Uterine body, via internal os
      - Uterime wall
        
        3 layers of wall
        
        Perimetrium: Outermost serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
        
        Myometrium: bulky middle layer consisting of interfacing layers of smooth muscle, contracts rhythmically during childbirth
        
        Endometrium: Mucosal lining, simple columnar epithelium on top of a thick lumina proporia, fertilized egg borrows into endometrium & resides there during development
    - - Thin-walled tube 8-10 cm (3-4 inches) in length
      - Functions at birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, & organ of copulation
      - vaginal secretions are acidic in adult females
      - Mucosa near vaginal orfice forms incomplete parition called hymen that ruptures w/ intercourse
- - - - Early onset of menstruation & late menopause
      - Pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
      - No or short period of breast feeding
      - Family history of breast cancer
    - - Lumpectomy: less invasive & excises only canerous lump, some women opt for breast redutcion
  - - - Chlamydia: most common bacterial STI in U.S> caused by phlamydia trachomatis
      - Can becontracted from birth cancal by newborns
      - Responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed causes of pelvis inflammatory disease (PID)
      - SYmptoms: urethritis, penile & vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain, painful intercouse; irregular menses
      - 20% of women and 10% men have symptoms, left untreated, can lead to sterility
      - Treatment: antibiotics
      - Trichomonsiasis: parasitic infection that is more common in women than men, easily & inexpensively treated
        
        Symptoms: 70% of women have no symptoms 30% have yellow-green vaginal discharge w/ strong odor
      - Gonorrhea
        
        Ba cterial infection of mucosae of reproductive and urinary tracts, caused by neissera gnorrhoeae, most infection are asymptomatic
        
        In males symptoms can include iurethritis painful urination, discharge pus from penis (penile drip), untreated can cause urethral constriction & inflammation of duct systm, in feales symptoms can inclede abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, or abnormal uterine bleeding possible urethral symptoms, untreated results in pelvic inflammatory disease sterility
        
        Treatment: antibiotics
      - cteria invade mucosae or even broken skin, infection is asymplomatic for 2-3 weeks & then painless chancre appears at site of infection
        
        Syphillis: Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally: caused by treponema pallidum infected fetuses can be still born or die shortly after birth
        
        If untreated secondary signs appear, treatment penicilin
    - - Human papillomavirus (HPV)
        
        Groups of ~40 or more viruses is most common STI in United States, over 50% of adults are infected during lifetime, cause of genital wars
        
        80% of cases of invasice cervical cancer are linked to some strains of HPV, can be cause of some penile, anal, & oropharyngeal cancers
      - Genital Herpes: caused by herpes simples virus
        
        One of most difficult human pathogens to control because most do no know they are infected, only 15% display signs of infection
        
        Can be passed to fetuses, only 15% displays sign of infection
- - - - sperm mature in epididymis highly colled
      - pass slowly through rate that takes 2- days, when they finally gain ability to swim, can be stored several months
      - During ejaculation, epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into ductus deferns
    - - 45 cm long, passes through inguinal canal to join pelvic cavity
      - joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
    - - smooth muscle in walls propels sperm from epididymis to urethra
      - vasectomy: cutting & ligating ductus deferens, nearly 100% effective form of birth control
    - - conveys both urine and semen (at different times)
    - - Tunica albuginea: Inner layer forms fibrous cancer
      - Tunica vaginatis: outer layer derived peritoneum
    - - epididymis is made up of head, the body, and the tail
      - sperm are stores in the tail until ejaculation
  - - - Duct of seminal gland joins ductus to form ejaculatory duct
      - Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
        
        frutose critic acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), & prostagladins
        
        comprises 70% volume of semen
      - Contains smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
    - - Encircles urethra inferior to bladder
      - consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
      - secrete milky slightly acid fluid, contains citrate, enzymes & prostate specific antigen (PSA)
      - plays a role in sperm activation
      - Enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation
      - Makes up one-third of semen volume
    - - lubricate glans penis
      - Neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra
    - - 2-5 ml semen are ejaculated containing 20-150 million sperm/ml
      - contains frutose for ATP production, protects & activated sperm & facilitates sperm movement
      - alkaline fluid neutralizes acidity of male urethra & female vagina and enhances motility
  - - - root and shaft that ends in glans penis
      - prepuce foreskin: cuff of loose skin covering gland
      - circumcision: surgical removal of foreskin, 40% of males in U.S. circumcised, but 15% in other parts of the world
      - Internally penis made of spongy urethra and 3 cylindrical bodies of erictile tissue, spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle w/ vascular spaces
        
        Corpus cavernose: Paired dorsal erectile bodies
        
        erection: erectilee tissue fills w/ blood causing penis to enlarge and become rigid
        
        corpus sponglosum: Surround urethra & expands to form glans and bulb of penis
- - - - zygote is formed when sperm and egg fuse
      - zygote is 1st cell of new individual and all body cells arise from it
    - - sperm gametes in males
      - ova (eggs)- gametes in females
  - - - share a common origin during development
      - example: Male testered and female ovaries or male penis & female clitoris
    - - Gametes: Sperm (male) & ova (females
        
        Gamete formed by cell division called melosis
      - Sex hormones (steroid hormones): testerone (males) & estrogens & progesterone (females
        
        vital in development & function of reproductive organs & other organs , tissues, sexual behavior, sexual drives
- - - - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): Released from hypothalamus reaches anterior pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
      - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Lutenizing hormone (LH)- gonadotropins released from anterior pitiuitary
    - - exert negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary