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3.1 Communicable Diseases - Coggle Diagram
3.1 Communicable Diseases
Vaccination
Herd immunity
Protects those unable to receive vaccinations
Contains dead/attenuated version of pathogen
Triggers an immune response
Memory cells remain - if pathogen re enters body, it is recognised and destroyed quickly
Communicable diseases
Spread via direct contact, airborne microorganisms, indirect contact (e.g. through infected surfaces) and contaminated food and drink
Transmission is prevented by: improving hygiene, using contraception, vaccination, destruction of infected plants/animals
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease
Pathogens reproduce rapidly and cause symptoms by damaging cells or secreting toxins
Viruses enter and reproduce inside cells, causing cell death
Types
Fungal diseases e.g. rose black spot
Bacterial diseases e.g. salmonella and gonorrhoea
Protist diseases e.g. malaria
Viral diseases e.g. HIV, measles and tobacco mosaic virus
Antibiotics and painkillers
Painkillers only treat symptoms
Antibiotics kill bacteria only
Resistance due to overuse
Difficult to kill viruses without damaging host cells
Defences against disease
Non specific defences: skin, nose, trachea/bronchi, stomach
Immune response: white blood cells produce antibodies, antitoxins, and engulf pathogens in phagocytosis
Drug development
Drugs originally made from plants and microorganisms are now synthesised
New drugs must undergo extensive testing
Preclinical testing and clinical trials test for toxicity, efficiency and dosage