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12i Friendships - Coggle Diagram

- - - - prefer proximity of
        some children
      - smile more at
        some children
      - play side by side
    - - increase in
        cooperative play
      - more likely to pretend and
        cooperate with friends
      - friend is person that
        most time is spent with
    - - share interests and want
        to play with same toys
      - nice to child
      - less work to spend time with
    - - expectations of
        reciprocity
        
        helping each other out
        
        having each other's backs
      - appearance of
        psychological terms
        
        trust
      - loyal and can
        keep secrets
      - listen to problems and
        make one feel better
    - - transition from concrete to
        abstract qualities with age
      - traits we focus on in others mirror
        traits we notice about ourselves
  - - - if people like me I
        must be worthy
    - - may offer better solutions
        than parents can
    - - beneficial to have people to
        talk about problems with
      - help to deal with transition events
        and adjust to changes
  - - - turn to aggressive friends
        as rejected by others
    - - vicious cycle of aggression
      - reciprocal cycle
- - - - people of the
        same age
  - - - Peer context
        
        Challenge authority of
        other peers
        
        Express emotions and opinions
        
        much more equal footing
        
        Explore new ways of behaving
        (Eg. ordering people)
        
        Importantnce
        
        Emotion regulation
        
        Understanding display rules
        
        Perspective taking
        
        thinking about how things
        look from their perspective
        
        Cooperation
        
        Development of
        inhibitory control
        
        Not hitting people
        on impulse
      - Adult context
        
        Involves obedience
        and desire to please
  - - - 6 to 12 months
        
        smile and gesture at other babies
        
        express interest in peers
      - 18 to 24 months
        
        emergence of more
        social interactions
        
        less passive more active
        
        Learning
        
        complementary roles
        (chaser and chasee)
        
        cooperation
        
        imitating each other
      - Symbolic play
        
        36 months
        
        play tells a story
        full of feelings
        
        12 months
    - - characterised by increase in complex, reciprocal peer interaction
      - Types of play
        
        Associative
        
        no collaborative goal and
        no assignment of roles
        
        involves activities
        between children
        
        sharing / trading
        
        Cooperative
        
        joining forces to
        achieve a goal
        
        division of labour
        
        taking up reciprocal roles
        (leadership / group membership)
        
        Parallel
        
        playing side by side
        
        playing independently
        and no interaction
      - Decrease in solitary and parallel play
        
        Increase in cooperative
        and associative play
      - Cooperation
        
        affected by age and
        possibly gender
        
        2 year olds
        
        Mr Potato
        
        Mothers told not to intervene
        
        Conditions
        
        2 year old boys
        
        Researchers introduce toy
        that requires collaboration
        
        1 more item...
        
        Introduce toy that
        requires sharing
        
        2 more items...
        
        3 year old girls
        
        Researchers introduce toy
        that requires collaboration
        
        1 more item...
        
        Introduce toy that
        requires sharing
        
        2 more items...
      - 2 to 5 years old
    - - more complex and reciprocal
      - children take on different roles and
        get better at turn taking
      - more involvement in games with formal rules like board games, hopscotch, basketball
      - Formation of
        true peer groups
        
        interacting on a regular basis
        
        eating lunch together
        
        informal, loose
        organisational structure
        
        unofficial leader
        
        norms about how the
        group behaves and acts
        
        consequences for those who
        do not follow group norms
        
        typically same gendered
    - - increase in time spent with peers
        as parents give children more freedom
      - later curfews
      - Cliques
        
        "small group of friends"
        
        more formal structure
        
        much more intense peer pressure
        to behave a certain way
        
        sense of identity and belonging
        
        Member similarities
        
        physical attractiveness
        
        academic aspirations
        
        popularity
        
        prosocial behaviour (cooperation)
        
        Changes
        
        from single clique to multiple cliques
        
        from same-sex to mixed cliques
        
        unstable (no permanent affiliation) to stable
        
        conformity (in relation to clique behaviour) to
        
        autonomy (asserting their identity outside the clique)
        
        Functions
        
        sense of belonging and self-worth
        from people you spend time with
        
        process of exploring and
        establishing one's identity
        
        encouraging deviant behaviour
      - Crowds
        
        large reference group
        
        Eg. jocks, nerds, loners
        
        stereotyped as being
        a particular way
        
        may not be close to each other
- - - - Positive
        
        Eg. Who do you like the most?
      - Negative
        
        Eg. Who do you like the least?
    - - provide list of children in class
        and ask for rating of each student
      - usually used with
        older children
      - average rating indicates
        overall acceptance
  - - - Rejected
        
        negative ratings and
        few positive ratings
        
        Eg. Two types in USA:
        Bullies or withdrawn kids
        
        May not be rejected in Asian culture
        which values shyness
        
        Social Traits
        
        critical of other peers and
        peer group activity
        
        anxious or withdrawn
        
        poor at solving social problems
        
        aggressive, disruptive,
        
        Consequences
        
        at risk of
        
        Truancy
        
        Depression and
        low self esteem
        
        Antisocial behaviour
        later in life
        
        more lonely
        
        more depressed
        or anxious
      - Neglected
        
        few positive and
        few negative ratings
        
        people that are not noticed
        
        withdrawn and has interests other than peers
      - Controversial
        
        many :check: and :red_cross:
        
        Eg. Bully that people respect
        
        Eg. Class clown that
        makes fun of others
        
        small percentage of children
        
        prosocial but can also be
        disruptive and agressive
      - Average
        
        few extreme ratings
      - Popular
        
        Social Traits
        
        not aggressive or withdrawn
        
        able to initiate and maintain interactions
        while resolving disputes easily
        
        friendly, cooperative, prosocial
        
        Reasons
        
        Physical
        Attractiveness
        
        Athletic Ability
        
        true for guys in terms
        of height and build
        
        Temperament
        
        poor emotion regulation likely
        leads to peer rejection
        
        Social skills
        
        Origins
        
        Authoritative
        parenting
        
        open, supportive,
        warm parenting
        
        1 more item...
        
        Secure attachment
        with caregiver
        
        many :check: ratings and
        few :red_cross: ratings
    - - universally prosocial kids are :+1:
        and aggressive kids are :-1:
      - Shy kids
        
        More popular in China than USA
    - - can change with age, maturity
        and changing interests
      - Rejected kids
        stay rejected
        
        Rejection linked to stable
        behavioural traits like aggression
      - Popularity can turn
        children into bullies
        
        increased
        aggression