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How to respond in a diverse society - Coggle Diagram

- - - - France adopts the policy of assimilation, using the principle of secularism(Laicite), where it was illegal for any census to compile data on a citizen's race, ethnicity of religion, hence ensuring equality before law for all citizens, which corelates to the strong French national identity that is not related to race, ethnicity, religion or socio-economic status. This allows France to have the highest proportions of immigrants and their descendants in europe
      - education
        
        In the French classroom , there is no discussion about religion except in history and philosophy classes. There are also adaptation classes to help children of immigrants to improve their French and eventually join regular French schools. This ensures the assimilation of minorities into the French society.
      - employment
        
        Immigrants are required to pick up the French language for purpose of communicating with their collogues. However, high discrimination in hiring resulted in high unemployment in immigrant families. This made the government introduce and diversity charter which allowed companies to articulate their support in a discrimination-free workplace, leading to greater diversity in the workplace which helps the assimilation of immigrants in france
      - naturalisation
        
        naturalization processes help immigrants assimilate by helping them develop basic knowledge of life in France, and the meaning of being a French citizen. It became necessary in 1998, and will need to attend French language courses, and attend a day of civic education, demonstrate knowledge of history culture, language and pass a cultural test to be eligible for French nationality. This ensures that immigrants will interact as much as possible with others in the French society, and hence attain fluency in the French language, adopt French attitude and beliefs that strengthen their identity as a French
    - - due to the different points if view on assimilation, one view is the upholding of national identity, while the other is recognising the impacts of religion on identity, and respecting the rights of individuals to practise their religion
        
        new citizens still hold religious identities, threatening the French national identity(believed), as many immigrants continue to display their religion prominently
  - - - policies to help with integration
        
        bilingual policy
        
        students are expected to learn English and another language , giving the communities in Singapore a common language to communicate with, helping to foster a sense of belonging and promote integration across ethnic groups. Mother tongue(other languages) help us preserve our cultural identity and heritage
        
        presidential council of minority rights(PCMR)
        
        created in 1970 to ensure laws passed by the government on not discriminatory towards minority groups in Singapore. The council also reports on the ,matters affecting different communities.
        
        Ethnic integration policy(EIP)
        
        introduced in 1988 to achieve balance of ethnic balance in HDBs and prevent formation of ethnic enclaves by providing neighbours with different races, fostering racial harmony and strengthening social cohesion in Singapore
        
        tensions
        
        Singapore is home to many MNCs and non profit organisations operated by foreigners. While their presence has created numerous jobs for the local economy, and added economic vibrancy to the country, some Singaporeans fell that the new immigrants have not integrated sufficiently and begun to feel uncomfortable with the inflow of foreigners. In addition, some Singaporeans feel that their job security has been compromised as they have to compete with immigrants. Immigrants are also blamed for increase in prices, constant traffic congestion and greater incidences of breakdown in public infrastructure like mrts. Singaporeans also feel that immigrants have affected social cohesion and erosion of Singaporean identity. some immigrants inability to communicate effectively in English and their different social norms have become obstacles to successful integration.
        
        while integration has strengthened bonding between the ethnic groups in Singapore, new immigrants and Singaporeans ned to continue to strengthen understanding , ensuring that Singapore continues to remain vibrant and diverse, allowing us to enjoy the benefit that diversity brings
        
        Group representative constituency(GRC)
        
        introduced in 1988 to ensure the representation of minority groups in the government. One candidate has to come from a minority group, ensuring concerns and needs of minority groups are met
        
        overall,intergation is emphasised in Singapore through promoting equality without giving special rights to any particular group, and letting the cultural groups of Singapore compliment the national indemnity of being a Singaporean, while the evolving national identify is debatable, its core remains entrenched on the values of upholding law and order, achieving racial and religious harmony and working together for a better future
        
        this has led to more immigrants coming to Singapore and becoming Permeant residents. about 30000 immigrants are given PR to keep the PR population stable at around .5 to .6 million and ensuring a suitable candidates of citizenship. This helps mitigate our aging population. Intergration gives time for immigrants to adjust to Singapore, make friends here and some to study in our schools, allowing many to commit to Singapore and go for citizenship. Singaporean integration policies help new immigrants adapt to the norms of Singapore, through naturalisation, forging common experiences and giving out community support
        
        naturalization intiatives
        
        after receiving citizenship, new citizens will have to go through a programme called the Singapore citizenship programme, which is designed by the national integration council(NIC), the people association(PA) and the immigration and checkpoint authority of Singapore(ICA), the max amt of time given is 2 months.
        
        Singapore citizenship journey(website)(online), allows new citizens to learn abt Singapore at their own pace and time, the webpage incudes info on our history and development, key national policies, total defence and our efforts to build a cohesive and harmonious society
        
        community sharing session, a event where new citizens reflect on their journey towards citizenship, share their hopes and aspirations of Singapore, meet other new citizens, learn how they can actively participate in the community. Intergration and naturalisation champions from the PA will share their experiences of living In a multiracial and religious society, and share valuable insights to help new citizens better settle in their community
        
        singapore experiential tour, a half day tour and brings new citizens to key historical landmarks and national institutions where they learn about singapore history , management of national challenges, planning of transport, water resources, security and defence
        
        common experiences
        
        opportunities to interact with locals will help immigrants to adapt t o being part of Singaporean society, this can be down through common experiences.
        
        e.g. in march 2020, a new Singaporean permanent resident (SPR) quota was introduced for non-Malaysian PRs buying flats. It was set at 5 per cent per neighbourhood, this to facilitate better integration of SPR households and prevent enclaves from forming in hdbs
        
        another example in national service(NS), where all male Singapore citizens and PRs are required to serve in the military for two years, bringing together people from different cultures, race, language and SES. As during NS, they develop the sense of collective interest above one's self, helping foster greater cohesiveness and create a stronger national identity as shown by new immigrants as they accept the rite of passage that is distinctive for Singaporean men and their families
        
        community support
        
        in September 2009, the nic released the community integration fund(CIF), to support organisations interested in implementing ground-up intergration intiatives.
        
        serve to address specific audiences or needs, the organisations support intergration by focusing on different and important aspect on adapt to Singaporean culture.
        
        E.g. immigrants who receive info and attempt to understand and learn about local history, culture and social norms will find it easier to relate to locals
        
        CIF criteria for funding(grassroots support)
        
        must provide info and resources on sg society norms and values to immigrants and foreigners through learning journeys, seminars, publications and productions that give info on local history, culture and social norms
        
        promote positive mindsets and attitudes among sinaporeans,immigrants through projects that promote mutual understanding such as diversity workshops and cultural exchange workshops
        
        enhance interactions between immigrants foreigners and Singaporeans through interest based activities that provide common platforms for people to interact and build relationships with each other, e.g. sports or arts
        
        encourage emotional attachment and involvement to Singapore through projects that introduce the use of English for communication and interaction and encourage immigrants to connect community with the wider Singaporean society
        
        initiatives organised by the PA(e.g. block parties, festive celebrations at the community clubs, home visit and orientation tours have been organised to help new immigrants adapt to life in Singapore. Many of these events had organisers who are new SCs and PRs. Some new immigrants also served as integration and naturalisation champions(INCs) and visited homes of recently confirmed PRs and new SCs to invite them to events and activates, these common experiences help alleviate the anxiety by new immigrants when adjusting to their new home
- - - - e.g. singapore
        
        Singapore's health care system is made up of both public(gov in polyclinics) and private(general practioners) healthcare service providers
        
        85 percent of impatient beds are in public hospitals , and the remaining are in private specialists hospitals. Within the public hospital system , there are different ward types ranging from unsubsidised A class wards to the heavily subsidized B2 and C wards
        
        intermediate and long term care(ILTC) services (e.g. community hospitals, home care , nursing homes, hospices. Etc) provide further community care and treatment to patients who are stable enough to be discharged from hospitals. These services are provided mainly by voluntary welfare organisation, with the government providing subsidies to ensure that care is affordable for the needy.
        
        the approach of financing healthcare in Singapore is guided by a combination of personal and collective responsibility, and government provision, and healthcare costs are kept affordable by the provision of heavy government subsidies , collective responsibility by society still important. Government provision also better ensures cost effectiveness and effiency.Aportionof Singaporeans' central provident fund(CPF) savings is s et aside in MediSave to help them pay for healthcare.
        the scheme encourages patients to take personal responsibility for their health care such as what type of services and where they go to seek these services for their medical needs
        
        to keep in pace with Singaporeans' needs, new schemes have been introduced to help mitigate rising healthcare costs for the elderly and lower income groups,
        
        e.g. in 2014 higher outpatient subsidies for specialist care and drugs were introduced at public hospitals and polyclinics to help lower healthcare costs for lower to higher income families . The pioneer generation also enjoy special subsidies and MediSave top-ups to help alleviate healthcare costs
        
        e.g. 2015, medisave was replaced with Medshield life to over every single Singaporean from life-death
        
        these policies help to address rising socio-economic diversity and ensure that quality and affordable healthcare is available to all Singaporeans regardless of income levels
        
        Singapore's shared responsibility healthcare system
        
        universal healthcare to all singaporeans
        
        Singapore offers universal healthcare coverage to its citizens, with financial system anchored on individual and collective responsibility to keep healthcare affordable for all. Under this system, Singapore has achieved good healhcare outcomes for the population with the national average expenditure of about 4% of our GDP, low compared other devolved countries, however, it is expected to grow with our aging population
        
        multiple tiers of protection
        
        first tier is provided by heavy government subsidies of up to 80% of the total bill in acute public hospital wards, which all Singaporeans can access. The second tier of protection is provided by MediSave, a compulsory medial savings account. The third tier of protection is through insurance in the form of Medishield life and integrated shield plans. The last tier of protection is Medi fund, for patients who are not able to pay despite the support of the first to third tiers
        
        organisation of service delivery of medical services
        
        Singapore today had a a mixed delivery model. The public sector dominates the acute care sector, delivering 80 percent of the care in this sector. The primary care sector for example, general market practice, is dominated by private practice providers, which account of about 80 percent of the market. In the ILTC sector, service provision is mainly provided by voluntary welfare organisations which are mostly funded by the government
        
        challenges
        
        balancing healthcare affordability with rising healthcare costs in the context of a aging population, in 20212, the government identified key area to be managed in the years ahead in terms of managing the growing number of people needing healthcare and rising healthcare costs
        
        the combination of an aging and growing populaton willimpact the capacity of the healthcare infrastructure in singapore to meet poeple's needs. with increasing life xpectancy and more sedentary lifestyles, there will be a greater need of treatment for chronic diseases. With rising chronice diseases, better coordination and continuiy of cate is important to ensure best health outcomes for our population. This is done by shifting the focus of cre away from hospitals and specialists towards primary care thorugh family doctors in the communnity to enable a more sustainable health care system
        
        primary care playhs an improtant role as the first point of contact. For exmaple, the governemnt vision for singaporeans is to have a regular family doctor who understands their health needs and are able to provide good medical care and advice
        
        rising healthcare costs
        
        the government has made improvement to the various financing policies, including more subsidies to the low and middle income groups as well as the elderlies, to help them manage out-of-pocket payments and ensure that citizens will be able to afford healthcare when they need it. These effectiveness and sustainability of these measures are influenced by our age-dependentcy ratio as they are funded primarily by government revenue, including taxes on income and consumption. A concerted effort from everyone is thus needed to manage the higher cost from healthcare
        
        with a shared responsibility approach, it also places critical healthcare decisions in the hands of patients and doctors. Healthcare professionals and patients need to embrace care that is cost-effective and appropriate to one's needs, as more spending does not necessarily need to better health , for example, the use of generic drugs are less costly and usually just a effective as "branded" drugs, freeing up resources for other treatments
    - - under the USA healthcare system, both public and private hospitals provide healthcare Servies to American citizens. The differentiation is in the types of healthcare that each type of hospital works
        
        the us government neither intervenes or interferes in the setting of us prices by healthcare service providers or the choice if healthcare service options by citizens. Since healthcare provision is based on the marketbased approach, prices can significantly vary due to the freedom of the healthcare provider to set the prices they want.
        
        Americans also have to cope with the costs of healthcare largely on their own. To do this, Americans are expected to buy medical insurance to ensure they can receive and pay for the necessary medical treatment. However not everyone can afford it
        
        keeping health care affordable in the usa
        
        majority of Americans who are in middle-high SES obtain their medical insurance as part of their employment package. However, since these Americans are likely to be employees of large firms and are less likely to have problems meeting costs of healthcare. Only 10 percent of all Americans are able to afford private medical coverage beyond what their employees afford
        
        the market based approach makes it harder for socio-economic status groups to pay for the much needed healthcare. Medical insurance premiums are also higher as the insurance companies charge higher in a market based system to make profit. Meaning that Americans of lower SES are more likely to not visit a doctor when sick. They may also not take the necessary tests, treatment and follow up care due to the high costs, only exception being if they are in a emergency situation and sent to the AnE department
        
        several policies exist in the usa to address health care challenges in the lower SES group-mixed success
        
        medicare for americans 65 yrs and older but also covers those under 65 with kidney damage
        
        Medicaid is available to people and families who have limited income or have disabilities. Eligibility may also depend on age and whether one is pregnant, blind or have other disabilities
        
        legislation on emergency treatment make sure that emergency departments in hospitals thay receive payment from medicare are required by law to provide care to anyone needing emergency treatment until the individual is stable. The act (emergency medical treatment and active labor act-EMTALA) was passed by uscongress in 1986 to ensure patient access to emergency medical care and to prevent the practice of patient dumping. This happens when insured patients were transferred from private to public hospitals without consideration of their medical condition.
        
        challenges faced by the healthcare system in the usa
        
        cost and coverage of medical insurance
        
        health insurance usually cost a few thousand dollars a year, for American with lower SES, these premiums are deducted from their pay, which results in many not buying insurance as they have to pay for their daily needs. Small firms also find it difficult financially to provide healthcare benefits for their employees. Thus many low-skilled workers are not given any healthcare insurance. Thos who receive insurance as part of their employment will lose it if they lose their jobs
        
        insurance companies in a market-based system operate like profit making companies. They are thus more motivated to insure the healthy and the employed. They usually refuse to insure those who have been sick in the past or risk having recurrent episodes of illnesses as these will incur more costs, which leads to healthcare being denied t those who need it the most
        
        the market based approach allows individuals to decide how much healthcare they need and at what price. Howeveer, sections of society ate excluded form obtaing healthc are services. with he implementation of the affordable care act, also known as Obama care from 2015, there is a possibility of lower sees groups receiving in terms of the care needs under the affordable care act, fqmilies wigth low to moderate income are noew eligible for Finanancial assurance in obtaining insurance coverage. Thsi could help alleviate some of the challenges caused by the market based approach. The changes could also benefit Americans from a wider range of income levels.
  - - - based on the fundamental belief that all citizens should have access to health care regardless of back ground or SES, based on the idea of social and economic equity. Besides Sweden, Norway and Denmark also provide comprehensive assistance in the healthcare sector
        
        Sweden provides universal healthcare for its citizens, meaning that any swede had equal access to healthcare regardless of social class, income or place of residendce
        
        the Swedish healthcare system is publicly governed and owned. Majority of hospitals are publicly owned, whilst primary care(general practioners) are privately owned.
        both public and private providers are financed largely from public funds. The people pay a nominal sum of money from healthcare services as part of co-payment. Hence, average tax rates are higher in Nordic than European countries, reflecting the public responsibility over HealthCare and other welfare services)
      - keeping healthcare affordable in Sweden
        
        Sweden practises a government financed approach to healthcare, where there is strong intervention by the government. This is to ensure access to healthcare for all healthcare for all socio-economic status groups in society in particular, the lower income groups. the cost of providing this comprehensive and subsidized approach is sustained through heavy personal taxes on the people.
        
        healthcare policies to help lower income groups in Sweden
        
        patients above 20 years of age are charged about $9 a day for hospitalisation. The national ceiling for out-of-pocket payments for healthcare visits are $122, meaning that once this ceiling is reached, no further charges for the remainder 12 month period is required(starting from the date of the patient's first visit to a physician). The ceiling for a patient's fees for medical services is 220
        
        the patient has the pay the full cost of prescribed drugs of up to 122, after which the subsidy becomes 100%
        
        for a household, all children are covered by the same protection scheme for prescription drugs providing a maximum of $244 for all children within the same household during a 12 month period.
        
        private insurance in healthcare is supplementary. The mainreason for having private individual insurance is to be able to get quick access to a specialist in outpatient care and avoid waiting lists for treatment
    - - while no one is left uncared for under Sweden's healthcare system, there are some challenges faced by this healthcare system
        
        high taxation for low healthcare costs
        
        all the benefits in the Sweden healthcare system are sustained by a high level of taxation. Besides direct taxation,(income tax), there is also indirect taxation in the from of value added tax(VAT),[similar to GST]. The VAT is 25% in Sweden. Despite the willingness of most swedes to pay high taxes to sustain the government financed system, the ageing population means the tax burden will increasingly fall on a smaller group of working citizens
      - growing number of people needing healthcare
        
        Sweden is reviewing its government financed approach to it shealthcare as it has to contend with changes brought about by immigrants and globalisation. Their homogenous society is becoming more diverse with the inflow of immigrants and there are demands to its change state policies to factor in these developments. Not only are immigrants, but citizens of the European uniuon member countries are eligible for some aspects fo seden's heavly subsidised healthcare, which puts a strain on the system, as these people consume healthcare services without paying the taxes needed to sustain the system, competition for medical resources will also increase
        
        competition for existing healthcare resources will also result in a growing a ageing population 10-15 down the line. This causes the ageing population to increase without the increase in workforce numbers, meaning that government revenue from taxation will need to fund larger number of people as the age dependentcy ration reduces