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unit 4 - ecosystems - Coggle Diagram

- - - - plants, animals, microorganisma
      - diversity
      - competition
      - predation
  - - - water
      - light
      - radiation
      - temperature
      - oxygen levels
  - - - can produce its own food using light, water and CO2 (photosynthesys
    - - has nutritional requirements and usually eats the autotrophs
    - - decomposers
        
        feed on decaying organic matter (fungi / bacteria
        
        important in recycling CO2 and other nutrients from dead and decaying material
  - - - hey chicken
  - - - lack of summer rainfall + cold winters = short growing season
      - small biome stoer
      - litter is only decomposed in the autumn (warm and wet) = increase in the soil nutrients
        
        soil store is therefore large
        
        limited soil uptake by plants
        
        limited leaching by rainfall
        
        limited uptake by plants
      - Result is a fertile soil used by humans for arable farming, especially cereal growing. E.g. great plains North America
  - - - temp
        
        controlls the rate of plant metabolism which then determines the rate of photosynthesis
      - moisture
        
        water is a requirement for photosynthesis, in absence the importance of temp and liight disapeares
      - light
      - available nutrients
        
        determined by the temperature and moisuter levels
- - - - eg might have been cleared for farming but later abandoned
      - Grassholm island
        
        birds bring on nesting materials which add depth to the island, burrowing birds are then introduced resulting in soil erosion and the return to bare rock
  - - - grazing
      - fire
      - mudflow
      - disease
      - change in climate
      - volcanic eruption
      - these create SUBLCLIMAX COMMUNITIES, its only when these are remoeved, climax communities ca be reached
  - - - deforestation / afforestation
      - grazing
      - fire clearance
- - - - no human activity
    - - Brazil nut harvesting, rubber tapping, agriculture
      - community management allowes economic activity but manages activity to minimise impacts
  - - - often smaller
  - - - Whie Rhino
        
        act as a symbol for a defined habitat / issue
        
        raise funds / awarenuss
        
        general induction for the area
        
        WWF
    - - the conservation of all living species in the habitat
    - - the conservation of all species in a man made environment
    - - in - situ and ex - situ have been used
      - portugal
      - intensive conservation practices
      - captive breeding programme
        
        led by IUCN
        
        revised the lynx from critically endangered to endangered
  - - - strictly protected e.g. nationa Park
    - - used for activities that reinforse scientific research, monitoring + education
    - - normal community
  - - - helps protect biodiversityand the natural environment through locally based projects worldwide
      - help countries rich in biodiversity but with a poor financial position
      - india
        
        elephant - human coexistance
        
        Human-elephant conflict threatens lives/livelihoods of people and elephants in N.E.India. We will facilitate coexistence in major HEC hotpots in this region by empowering communities through: (1) educating villagers about elephants, HEC and protecting people/property/elephants/biodiversity (2) training villagers to install solar-powered electric fencing to protect crops without harming elephants; (3) identifying other livelihood options, training villagers, especially women, to generate extra income. Thus, we will reduce poverty by protecting lives/livelihoods/property and by increasing incomes, while protecting elephants to reduce biodiversity loss.
- - - - without the wide range of organisms we cannot have a healthy ecosystem that is relied upon to provide
        
        air
        
        food
        
        resources
  - - - forestry
      - wetlands
      - savannahs
      - fiver
    - - fish
      - crab
      - snail
      - frog
    - - disease resistence
      - varued diet
      - body size
      - climatic conditions
  - - - direct
        
        land management
        
        mining
        
        agriculture
        
        deforestation
        
        land wanted for cattle ranching / soy + palm cumtication
        
        logging and mineral exploitation
        
        MNC
        
        road building
        
        easier access to more land
        
        cash crops
        
        DDT
        
        Banned in the USA in 1972
        
        used to contol mosquitos and mallaria
        
        accumulated in the Perigrinne falcon as they are the top of the Food chain
        
        urbanisation
      - indirect
        
        human induced cllimate change
        
        reinfall petterns
        
        sea level rise
        
        high impact storms
        
        tundar biome much morre associated with this
        
        ppermafrost in the soil
        
        if melted would turin into a wetland biome
  - - - over 1//2 worlds wetlands have dissapeared since 1900
      - commercial developement
      - drainage schemes
      - mineral extraction
      - peat
        
        reversible
      - overfishing
      - climate change
        
        shallow wetlands are swamped
        
        mangrove trees being submerged and swamped
        
        estuaries, floodplains, marshes destroyed through drought
    - - climate changes / acid rain / invasive species
      - very fragie as they have high biodiversity and the loss of organisms dramatically effects food chains
      - biomass loss = reduction in carbon store and sequestation
      - deforestation reduces biomass and nutrients
      - loss of canopy cover = less interception = loss of nutrients = leaching and overland flow
    - - tropical seas becoming warmer = loss of algea that wive within them
      - more acidic effecting calcium carbon sequestation making the building blocks of shells less less available
      - support 1/4 of marine species
      - bleached coral ca recover but only if sea temps reduce allowing algea to grow again
- - - - avg. -5c - -10c
    - - vegetation
        
        mosses
        
        lichens
        
        grasses
    - - caribou
        
        caribou
        
        ox
    - - thin
      - acidic
      - low nutrients
  - - - structural
        
        layers of fat
        
        layers of fur
        
        bigger body
      - behavioural
        
        migrate to warmer areas
        
        hibernation - conserven energy
    - - functional
        
        plants grow low to the ground, keeps them from freezing
        
        grow in clumps to protect one another from the cold
      - structural
        
        dark in colour to absorb heat
        
        shallow roots - doesnt penetrate ice
  - - - depends on winter snow and ice
      - will experience dificulties in adapting to the rate of warming
      - caribou, musk ox, and reindeer need to alter their grazing ranges
    - - permafrost carbon feedback
- - - - forest
      - desert
      - grass;and
      - mountain
    - - Freshwater
      - marine
  - - - community
        
        ecosystem
        
        biome
        
        biosphere
  - - - food
      - fuel / wood
      - fiber
      - timber
    - - water partioning
      - pest regulation
      - climate regulation
      - pollination
    - - spiritual
      - recreational
      - aesthetic
      - educational
    - - hydrological services
      - soil formation
      - nutrient cycle
      - primary production
    - - tourism
      - food and fishing
      - medicine
      - coastal protection
- - - - north of the taiga biome
      - drier than tiaga
      - cold summers
      - rarely above 10*c
      - spring summer autumn = 1 month each
    - - temp
      - nutrients
      - moisture
    - - mosses
      - lichens
      - grasses
      - small shrubs
    - - climate change
      - mineral exploitation
      - tourism
      - consequences
        
        physical
        
        environmental dehydration
        
        loss of unique flora and fauna
        
        human
        
        altering the thermal equilibrium of permafrost
    - - Russia
      - Largest arctic cities
      - worlds largest mining complex
      - contaminates the surrounding air, water and land with sulpher dioxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, phenool and chlorine
      - all vegetation is completelly dead within a 8km radius of the factory