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Defensible Space, Broken window, Zero tolerance, Reductionist - Only says…
Defensible Space
Key concepts
Territoriality - this refers to the use of physical boundaries to define and protect an area. These boundaries can be natural, such as hedges or trees, or man-made, such as fences or walls.
Natural Surveillance - this involves designing spaces in such a way that potential offenders can be observed by the people who use the space. This can be achieved through the use of windows, balconies, and other design features that allow people to see what is happening in the space.
Image - this refers to the general impression that a space creates. A well-designed space can create a positive image that encourages people to use it, while a poorly designed space can create a negative image that discourages use.
Milieu - this refers to the social and cultural context of a space. A strong community can create a sense of ownership and responsibility for a space, which can discourage crime and anti-social behavior.
For example, the use of natural surveillance can be incorporated into the design of public housing projects by placing windows and balconies in strategic locations that allow residents to observe what is happening in the surrounding area.
The use of territoriality can be incorporated into the design of public parks by using natural features such as hedges and trees to create boundaries between different areas of the park.
Newman suggests that when a criminal is placed into an isolated position, it becomes easier for homeowners to defend their home space.
When responsible parties care for and own their homes, and can watch neighborhoods with regularity, then a criminal feels less secure in taking an action.
Newman (1972) made the concept of ‘defensible space’
‘A residential environment whose physical characteristics (building layout and site plan) function to allow inhabitants themselves to become key agents in ensuring their security.’
Broken window
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Due to the fact that no one takes responsibility the enviroment gets worse e.g. littering, if a place is already dirty people are more likely to carry on
Zero tolerance
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Bratton 1990 - 7000 officers addressed the minor crimes, then 2 years later serious crime was reduced by 25%
Reductionist - Only says that crime is due to lack of responsibility, natural surveillance architecture and lack of policing on smaller crimes. Ignoring bio or cog reasons for crime
Deterministic - No regard to choice of crime but how the environment is
Situational - All around changing the situation
Useful - All can be useful as interventions can be made e.g., Crack down on minor crimes, giving people a sense of responsibility over their environment and natural surveillance architecture
Ethnocentric - Difference in police systems and how housing is built in different countries