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Crime Prevention and Control - Coggle Diagram
Crime Prevention and Control
Foucalt
Claimed that professionals had entered into the domestic sphere and acted as surveillance, reporting on families and gathering data.
Sovereign power was enforced by fear of an overarching individual.
Shifted to disciplinary power where authorities take over punishment, which was more humane
This has created a carceral culture where other institutions use disciplinary power as they surveill and monitor society.
Reflected in the shift of power within schools.
Now actuarial justice (
Feely and Simon
) where surveillance is based on profiles generated by the data we have.
Technology is fundamental to our ability to do this, aimed at preventing offending by prediction.
This is an ethnocentric idea as this change does not apply worldwide.
How are we controlled?
Social Conttrol- formal and informal
RSAs and ISAs
Heidensohn- female controlled
Hirschi- Bonds of attachment
Types of Surveillance
Surveillance assemblages: masses of data is assembled to relate a ‘data double’ can be known.
Sous Surveillance: The public can watch and report on the powerful (Bystanders recording stop and searches)
Synoptic Surveillance:
Matheison
says we watch each other or the media tracking and monitoring
Self Surveillance: We monitor and control our own behaviour for fear of being judges by others. Link to social desirability.
Surveillance
Monitoring, observing, gathering information to regulate, manage or correct behaviour for th purpose of crime control and punishment.
CCTV
Body cam/ dash cam
Tagging
GPS Tracking
Officials watching you
Biometric scans
Liquid Surveillance
Bauman
all the ways you are monitored and tracked which happen all around.
Why is surveillance used?
Catching criminals after a crime has been committed
For evidential purposes
Keeping us safe by use of a deterrent
Protection of our public spaces
To track and monitor people’s routines, habits, behaviours.
Evaluation
Kilburn Experiment
Newburn and Heyman- CCTV can protect civil liberties as well as erode them
Enforced in a custody suite, which was used by defence lawyers as well as prosecution, protects inmates from police brutality.
CCTV does not stop crime, it only displaces it (links to affluence of area)
Surveillance is about preventing crime rather than rehabilitating offenders.
People now surveill authorities.
Are we a surveillance society?
Lyon
Our lives are transparent and there is a lack of privacy.
We are also more accepting and take it as expected that government agencies hold information about us.
Experience external surveillance
Covert (Tracking of websites/card payment)
Overt (Security Carreras)
Experience internalised surveillance
We monitor ourselves
Panopticon
Bentham
Circular prison model where prisoners are convinced they ar being watched as a deterrent.
Foucalt
We think we are being watched so we act accordingly.
Criminal Justice System
Police, CPS, Court, Prison, Probation, Home Office, MoJ
Aim to prevent future crime and to punish crime that has already happened- protecting society
Deterrence
Protection
Retribution
Rehabilitation
How has punishment changed over time?
Garland
Punishment is a politicised issue.
‘Penal Welfarism’ has moved to ‘mass incarceration’ and now ‘transcarceration’.
USA- 3% of adult population in prison.
37% Black Americans (13% of pop.)
Diversion- early intervention diverts people away from crime
Now there is a culture of control has been establsihed. care more about punishment and prevention than rehabilitation.
Reduction: Incapacitation, Deterrent, Rehabilitation
Retribution: Revenge, Expresses Societies Outrage,
Theoretical Perspective
Functionalism
Punsihments needed for boundary maintenance, reaffirm solidarity asserts collective conscience.
Marxism
Ruling class ideology, RSA, enables rich to maintain control, preventing revolution, diverts our attention from structural inequality.
Rusche and Kirchheimer
Capitalism uses punishment depending on what type of economy. Reserve army of labour challenges the state’s power to punish.
Environmental Crime Prevention
At the point where the crime occurs
Investment in local communities.
Clean vandalism, neighbourhood watch programmes, cutting down trees.
Police dealing with low level crimes such as vandalism is expensive and distracting. Different governments change strategy.
Investing in SCP is more effective as it is quicker.
Situational Crime Prevention
Making an area less attractive for criminals and clamping down on it quickly.
CCTV, gates, locks, homeless prevention, security lighting, speed bumps
Target hardening
NYC Port Authority Bus Terminal
Felson
1998
Highly specific to crimes.
White-collar or domestic crime would be unaffected.
Street lighting for instance highlights criminals but also victims. Also, not all crimes occur at night.
Right realist
making crime more risky, more likely to be disturbed, pre-emptive.
Emerged mainly in 1970s
Encourages displacement and discrimination.
Unequal capacity for people to afford these measures.
If there is not displacement, more people walked down lit streets, more witnesses in Stoke-en-Trent.
Crawford and Evans
Impedence of civil liberties creates a ‘fortress society’.
Social and Community Crime Prevention
Intervening with people most likely or become criminals and offer alternatives to crime.
Social causes of crime, trying to change the outcome.
Perry Pre-School Project
Troubled families Programme 2012-2015
Takes time but does not necessarily mean it is not worth it.
However, not popular with governemnts s it requires constant investment unlike CCTV cameras for instance.
Unsustainable.
Left Realism
Crate a sense of community to counteract feelings of marginalisation.
Role of Prisons
Reformation
1/4 people had a job to go to on release from prison,
1/5 employers said they excluded or likely to exclude ex-offenders from the recruitment process.