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Waves - Coggle Diagram

- - - - diffraction gratings are used to disperse light into high resolution spectra which can be used in the absorption and emission spectroscopy to determine the elements present in stars or other substances
    - - crystalline lattices can act as diffraction gratings where the atomic layer spacing can be calculated from the angular spacing of the maxima in the diffraction pattern
- - - - A progressive waves passes through a medium
      - Is reflected by a surface with little energy loss
      - two progressive waves with the same amplitude, wavelength, frequency and speed travel in opposite directions
      - two progressive waves superpose causing destructive interference when waves are in anti-phase and constructive interference when waves are in-phase
      - interference occurs at fixed positions as waves superpose with nodes and anti-nodes forming
    - - harmonics are stationary waves with a different number of anti-nodes produced at different frequencies in the same length of medium.
      - the first harmonic is affected by the tension in the string, the length of the string and the mass per unit length of the string
- - - - collimated
      - monochromatic
      - coherent
    - - polychromatic
      - incoherent
      - divergent
  - - - two coherent monochromatic sources
      - a coherent monochromatic source and a double slit
      - a non-coherent, non-monochromatic source, a colour filter, single and double slit
  - - - less intense
      - wider maxima
      - violet (low separation (inside))
      - red(high separation (outside))
- - - - The new position of an oscillator in a longitudinal wave can be found by looking at its transverse equivalent and doing the same as before.
      - a positive displacement means the oscillator is moving in the direction of energy transfer
      - a negative displacement means the oscillator is moving against the direction of energy transfer
      - Compression - Particles behind the centre of compression are being displaced forwards and particles in front are being displaced backwards
      - Rarefaction - Particles behind the centre of rarefaction are being displaced backwards and particles in front are being displaced forwards
  - - - The new position of an oscillator in a longitudinal wave can be found by looking at its transverse equivalent and doing the same as before.
      - a positive displacement means the oscillator is moving in the direction of energy transfer
      - a negative displacement means the oscillator is moving against the direction of energy transfer
      - Compression - Particles behind the centre of compression are being displaced forwards and particles in front are being displaced backwards
      - Rarefaction - Particles behind the centre of rarefaction are being displaced backwards and particles in front are being displaced forwards
  - - - Waves with planes of oscillations perpendicular to the slits in the fence are transmitted,
      - whereas those with planes parallel are attenuated (absorbed/blocked).
    - - sunglasses and camera filters
        
        these prevent glare as they are vertically polarised so they block horizontally plane polarised light reflect from the surface of the water
      - aerials/antennas
        
        these are electromagnetic radio waves which are plane polarised by the transmitter
        
        these must be absorbed efficiently to ensure best reception
        
        therefore aerials are aligned in the same plane to the polarisation